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Topic Review
Variable-Pitch Propeller
A variable-pitch propeller or controllable-pitch propeller (CPP) is a type of propeller with blades that can be rotated around their long axis to change the blade pitch. Reversible propellers—those where the pitch can be set to negative values—can also create reverse thrust for braking or going backwards without the need to change the direction of shaft revolution.
  • 4.3K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Traffic Smoothness for ITS
The smooth traffic flow, which refers to the stochastically stabilized flow (ie. flow without disruption, that prevents the acceptance of a specific probability distribution of the headways), in the queuing model with moving buffer, can be described using the maximum density  referring to the smooth flow.
  • 4.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Development of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies
We provide an overview of the challenges and advancements in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody products.
  • 4.3K
  • 21 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Anti-Aging Potentials of Methylene Blue
Methylene blue (MB), as the first fully man-made medicine, has a wide range of clinical applications. Apart from its well-known applications in surgical staining, malaria, and methemoglobinemia, the anti-oxidative properties of MB recently brought new attention to this century-old drug. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in systematic aging that affects many different tissues, including the brain and skin. This leads to increased oxidative stress and results in downstream phenotypes under age-related conditions. MB can bypass Complex I/III activity in mitochondria and diminish oxidative stress to some degree. MB also shows broad spectrum UV absorption capability.
  • 4.3K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacological Update Properties of Aloe Vera Active Constituents
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller, family Xanthorrhoeaceae) is a perennial green herb with bright yellow tubular flowers that is extensively distributed in hot and dry areas of North Africa, the Middle East of Asia, the Southern Mediterranean, and the Canary Islands.  Aloe vera has been traditionally used to treat skin injuries (burns, cuts, insect bites, and eczemas) and digestive problems because its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing properties. 
  • 4.3K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Problematic Social Media Use
Psychological or behavioral dependence on social media platforms can result in significant impairment in an individual's function in various life domains over a prolonged period. This and other relationships between digital media use and mental health have been considerably researched, debated, and discussed among experts in several disciplines, and have generated controversy in medical, scientific, and technological communities. Research suggests that it affects women and girls more than boys and men and that it varies according to the social media platform used. Such disorders can be diagnosed when an individual engages in online activities at the cost of fulfilling daily responsibilities or pursuing other interests, and without regard for the negative consequences. Excessive social media use has not been recognized as a disorder by the World Health Organization or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Controversies around problematic social media use include whether the disorder is a separate clinical entity or a manifestation of underlying psychiatric disorders. Researchers have approached the question from a variety of viewpoints, with no universally standardized or agreed definitions. This has led to difficulties in developing evidence-based recommendations.
  • 4.3K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DTS (Sound System)
DTS, Inc. (originally Digital Theater Systems) is an American company that makes multichannel audio technologies for film and video. Based in Calabasas, California, the company introduced its DTS technology in 1993 as a competitor to Dolby Laboratories, incorporating DTS in the film Jurassic Park (1993). The DTS product is used in surround sound formats for both commercial/theatrical and consumer-grade applications. It was known as The Digital Experience until 1995. DTS licenses its technologies to consumer electronics manufacturers. The DTS brand was acquired by Tessera Holding Corporation in December 2016, then Tessera was renamed to Xperi Corporation.
  • 4.3K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Smart Materials
The introduction of smart materials (SMs) will become increasingly relevant as biomedical technologies progress. Smart materials sense and respond to external stimuli (e.g., chemical, electrical, mechanical, or magnetic signals) or environmental circumstances (e.g., temperature, illuminance, acidity, or humidity), and provide versatile platforms for studying various biological processes because of the numerous analogies between smart materials and biological systems. 
  • 4.3K
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Large-Scale Piezoelectric-Based Aircraft Systems
A new approach in the development of aircraft and aerospace industry is geared toward increas-ing use of electric systems. An electromechanical (EM) piezoelectric-based system is one of the po-tential technologies that can produce a compactable system with a fast response and a high power density. However, piezoelectric materials generate a small strain, of around 0.1–0.2% of the original actuator length, limiting their potential in large-scale applications.
  • 4.3K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Ultra-processed Foods
Ultra-processed foods were first defined by Dr. Carlos Monteiro in 2009 through the NOVA classification. Briefly, they are characterized in their formulation by the addition of cosmetic ingredients and/or additives for mainly industrial use - and having undergone an excessive processing  - to imitate, exacerbate, mask or restore sensory properties (aroma, texture, taste and color). It can also be very denaturing technological processes directly applied to the food (cooking-extrusion, puffing, etc.). They are food and drink products that have undergone specified types of food processing, usually by transnational and other very large 'Big food' corporations. These foods are designed to be 'convenient, eaten on the go, hyperpalatable and appealing to consumers, and, most importantly, the most profitable segment of Big Food companies’ portfolios because of these foods’ low-cost ingredients'. The NOVA-derived Siga score propose a complementary definition more focused ont the degradation of the food/ingredient matrix effect: "An ultra-processed food is characterized by the presence in its list of ingredients of at least one substance that is itself ultra-processed, called a marker of ultra-processing (MUP). These MUPs are obtained by synthesis, or by a succession of physical, chemical and/or biological processes applied to natural raw materials and which lead to a strong degradation compared to their original matrix".
  • 4.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Darwin's Fox
Darwin's Fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) is a critically endangered canid species native to Chile, particularly inhabiting the temperate rainforests of Chiloé Island and the Nahuelbuta Range. Named after the renowned naturalist Charles Darwin, this elusive fox is characterized by its small size, reddish-brown fur, and distinctively bushy tail. Threatened by habitat loss, predation by introduced species, and disease, Darwin's Fox faces significant conservation challenges, with concerted efforts underway to protect and preserve this rare and iconic species.
  • 4.3K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
OER Electrocatalysts
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the efficiency-determining half-reaction process of high-demand, electricity-driven water splitting due to its sluggish four-electron transfer reaction. Tremendous effects on developing OER catalysts with high activity and strong acid-tolerance at high oxidation potentials have been made for proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), which is one of the most promising future hydrogen-fuel-generating technologies. Electrochemical water splitting involves two heterogeneous multi-step half-reactions, which are referred to as the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). An important frontier in OER electrocatalysis research is the development of the rational design of catalysts. Most of the excellent OER catalysts with high activity and durability are not stable in acidic solutions. They are easily oxidized and decomposed in a strong acid system, which is one of the indispensable working conditions for PEMWE.  Outstanding OER electrocatalysts should have excellent intrinsic activity and sufficient active sites, and these requirements are generally combined with simplicity and controllability.
  • 4.3K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Statins in High Cardiovascular Risk Patients
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) morbidity and mortality are decreasing in high-income countries, but ASCVD remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in high-income countries. Over the past few decades, major risk factors for ASCVD, including LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), have been identified. Statins are the drug of choice for patients at increased risk of ASCVD and remain one of the most commonly used and effective drugs for reducing LDL cholesterol and the risk of mortality and coronary artery disease in high-risk groups. Unfortunately, doctors tend to under-prescribe or under-dose these drugs, mostly out of fear of side effects. The latest guidelines emphasize that treatment intensity should increase with increasing cardiovascular risk and that the decision to initiate intervention remains a matter of individual consideration and shared decision-making.
  • 4.3K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Mie–Gruneisen Equation of State
The Mie–Grüneisen equation of state is a relation between the pressure and the volume of a solid at a given temperature. It is used to determine the pressure in a shock-compressed solid. The Mie–Grüneisen relation is a special form of the Grüneisen model which describes the effect that changing the volume of a crystal lattice has on its vibrational properties. Several variations of the Mie–Grüneisen equation of state are in use. The Grüneisen model can be expressed in the form where V is the volume, p is the pressure, e is the internal energy, and Γ is the Grüneisen parameter which represents the thermal pressure from a set of vibrating atoms. If we assume that Γ is independent of p and e, we can integrate Grüneisen's model to get where p0 and e0 are the pressure and internal energy at a reference state usually assumed to be the state at which the temperature is 0K. In that case p0 and e0 are independent of temperature and the values of these quantities can be estimated from the Hugoniot equations. The Mie–Grüneisen equation of state is a special form of the above equation.
  • 4.3K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dhaka Metro Rail
The Dhaka Metro Rail (DMR) has been constructed as part of the Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority’s 20-year Strategic Transport Plan to reduce traffic congestion in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. The DMR is the first urban rail transit system in Bangladesh and has the potential to change the existing modal share. Commuters have mixed responses about the daily commuting on the DMR and mode choice behavior.
  • 4.3K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Marketing Management in the Hotel Industry
Due to the continuous evolution of marketing theory in the hotel industry during the past decade, more and more relevant studies have been conducted. Whether they are related to theoretical innovation or the evolution of marketing tools, the hotel industry has made many changes in terms of marketing. However, there have been many relevant studies on hotel marketing, and the related knowledge system is still fragmented.
  • 4.3K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Family Language Policy
Family and its language are one of the most important domains when it comes to acquiring a language as a mother tongue. 
  • 4.3K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids
Thermal conductivity is one of the most relevant properties of nanofluids (NFs) and is influenced by shape, size, concentration and surface resistance of the NPs and by the viscosity, pH, temperature, and other characteristics of the base fluid. Several theoretical models and experimental methods were developed to measure this property. The most common measuring methods are the transient hot-wire method followed by the 3ω method, the steady-state parallel plate method and the temperature oscillation method. Despite the growing number of studies, there are still disparities between data generated by the theoretical models and experimental measurements as well as between measurements derived from the same method.
  • 4.3K
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
State of Nature
The state of nature, in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories and international law, is the hypothetical life of people before societies came into existence. Philosophers of the state of nature theory deduce that there must have been a time before organized societies existed, and this presumption thus raises questions such as: "What was life like before civil society?"; "How did government first emerge from such a starting position?," and; "What are the hypothetical reasons for entering a state of society by establishing a nation-state?". In some versions of social contract theory, there are no rights in the state of nature, only freedoms, and it is the contract that creates rights and obligations. In other versions the opposite occurs: the contract imposes restrictions upon individuals that curtail their natural rights. Societies existing before or without a political state are currently studied in such fields as paleolithic history, and the anthropological subfields of archaeology, cultural anthropology, social anthropology, and ethnology, which investigate the social and power-related structures of indigenous and uncontacted peoples living in tribal communities.
  • 4.3K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Stakeholder Engagement for Infrastructure Projects
The world is experiencing a major cycle of investment in infrastructure, which is essential for the development and prosperity of countries and societies. Management failures in infrastructure projects are widely known, and some of them involve the weak engagement of project stakeholders. The importance of stakeholder involvement as a key factor in the success of infrastructure projects is widely recognized.
  • 4.3K
  • 25 Jul 2023
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