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Topic Review
Modeling Human Cardiac Arrhythmias: Insights from Zebrafish
Cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular heart rhythm, is associated with morbidity and mortality and is described as one of the most important future public health challenges. In the last few decades, the zebrafish has emerged as an attractive model to reproduce in vivo human cardiac pathologies, including arrhythmias. As genetic tools in zebrafish continue to bloom, this model will be crucial for functional genomics studies and to develop personalized anti-arrhythmic therapies.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pulmonary Artery Banding for Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Children
Current treatment paradigms for end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in children include heart transplantation and mechanical support devices. However, waitlist mortality, shortage of smaller donors, time-limited durability of grafts, and thrombo-hemorrhagic events affect long-term outcomes. Moreover, both these options are noncurative and cannot preserve the native heart function. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB) has been reinvented as a possible “regenerative surgery” to retrain the decompensated left ventricle in children with DCM. The rationale is to promote positive ventricular–ventricular interactions that result in recovery of left ventricular function in one out of two children, allowing transplantation delisting.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Morbidities in Adults Born Preterm
Advances in perinatal and neonatal care have led to improved survival of preterm infants into adulthood. However, the shift in focus to long-term health in adults born preterm requires a clear understanding of the impact of prematurity on developing organ systems and the development of adult-oriented disease. A less well-recognized area of risk for surviving preterm infants is their cardiometabolic health. Epidemiologic evidence has linked preterm birth to the development of systemic hypertension, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. Of more significant concern is that the risk of cardiometabolic disorders is higher in adults born preterm compared to full-term infants. 
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Biomechanical Properties of Ascending Aorta
Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm is a life-threatening disease, which is difficult to detect prior to the occurrence of a catastrophe. Epidemiology patterns of ascending thoracic aortic dilations/aneurysms remain understudied, whereas the risk assessment of it may be improved. 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ultrathin-Strut Stents
Studies have shown a lower risk of very late stent thrombosis with developing second-generation DESs with biocompatible and biodegradable polymers or without polymers altogether. In addition, research has indicated that thinner struts are associated with a reduced risk of intrastent restenosis and angiographic and clinical results. A drug-eluting stents (DES) with ultrathin struts (strut thickness of 70 µm) is more flexible, facilitates better tracking, and is more crossable than a conventional second-generation DES. The question is whether ultrathin eluting drug stents suit all kinds of lesions. 
  • 1.0K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Aging and Arterial Stiffness in End-Stage Renal Disease
Arterial dysfunction is major risk factor for cardiovascular complications, and arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor in end-stage renal disease patients. As the distance from the heart increases, arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity) becomes progressively more marked. This generates a centrifugal stiffness gradient, which leads to partial, continuous local wave reflections, which in turn attenuate the transmission of pulsatile pressure into the microcirculation, thus limiting the potentially deleterious outcomes both upstream (on the heart: left-ventricular hypertrophy and coronary perfusion) and downstream (on the renal and cerebral microcirculation: reduced glomerular filtration and impaired cognitive functions). The impact of arterial aging is greater on the aorta and central capacitive arteries, and it is characterized by a loss or reversal of the physiological stiffness gradient between central and peripheral arteries.
  • 1.0K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect
Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA/VSD) is the extreme form of Fallot's tetralogy in which pulmonary blood flow is ensured from systemic blood flow sources. In the presence of Major Aorto-Pulmonary Collateral Arteries (MAPCAs), the disease assumes the greatest complexity due to the variable pulmonary perfusion patterns, of which MAPCAs are an important, although not the only source. True pulmonary arteries may have varying degrees of hypoplasia, be absent and, more rarely, discontinuous, with unilateral pulmonary perfusion provided by the arterial duct and contralateral by MAPCAs. The variability of the pulmonary perfusion pattern is a determining factor in the complexity of patients with PA/VSD/MAPCAs and the consequent diversity of their surgical management.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with atrial remodeling, cardiac dysfunction, and poor clinical outcomes. External direct electrical cardioversion is a well-developed urgent treatment strategy for patients presenting with recent-onset AF.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Thromboembolic complications of SARS-CoV-2
Covid-19 has the potential to cause severe damage to many tissues, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS), multiorgan involvement, and shock. One of the most feared complications are thromboembolic events which lead to severe clinical phenotypes: worsening of pulmonary conditions, oxygen desaturation, and acute respiratory distress. Management choices should be considered according to the critical or chronic setting.                             Main pathophysiological mechanisms underlying thrombosis from Covid-19 are discussed, including metabolic derangements and hormonal factors.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Dysuricemia
The importance of uric acid, the final metabolite of purines excreted by the kidneys and intestines, was not previously recognized, except for its role in forming crystals in the joints and causing gout. Uric acid is not a biologically inactive substance and may exert a wide range of effects, including antioxidant, neurostimulatory, proinflammatory, and innate immune activities. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
OSA and Cardiac Arrhythmias
Sleep apnea is a highly prevalent disorder among patients with all forms of cardiovascular disease. Decades of data from several large prospective patient registries have revealed that sleep apnea—in particular, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)—is practically endemic in cardiology clinics and cardiac inpatient wards across the globe. OSA has been closely associated with prevalent and incident hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and all forms of cardiac rhythm disturbance. Additionally, central sleep apnea (CSA) or combined OSA and CSA often affects patients with heart failure and stroke. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease are so intertwined with respect to their epidemiology and shared pathophysiology that one can think of them as being two components of a global, multi-system metabolic syndrome driven largely by obesity.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Marathon-Induced Cardiac Fatigue
There is a clear impact of marathon on skeletal muscle and myocardium structure. 
  • 998
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Mechanical Circulatory Support Systems in Fulminant Myocarditis
Fulminant myocarditis (FM) constitutes a severe and life-threatening form of acute cardiac injury associated with cardiogenic shock. The condition is characterised by rapidly progressing myocardial inflammation, leading to significant impairment of cardiac function. Due to the acute and severe nature of the disease, affected patients require urgent medical attention to mitigate adverse outcomes. Besides symptom-oriented treatment in specialised intensive care units (ICUs), the necessity for temporary mechanical cardiac support (MCS) may arise. Numerous patients depend on these treatment methods as a bridge to recovery or heart transplantation, while, in certain situations, permanent MCS systems can also be utilised as a long-term treatment option. 
  • 998
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Advanced Monitoring Technologies
Heart failure (HF) is characterized by a progressive course of disease accompanied by recurrent exacerbations leading to high hospitalization and rehospitalization rates, which account for a substantial part of the disease load. Among the elderly, acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is the leading cause of hospitalization. The 30-day rehospitalization rate following the first admission to the hospital for HF exacerbation is 22–29.4%, which is the most common amongst all other etiologies.
  • 997
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Marine-Derived Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is a rapidly growing global public health problem. Since HF results in high mortality and re-hospitalization, new effective treatments are desired. Although it remains controversial, omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as the eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, have been widely recognized to have benefits for HF.
  • 995
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Feasibility of Catheter Ablation of Atypical Atrial Flutters
Atypical atrial flutters (AAFL) are difficult-to-manage atrial arrhythmias, yet potentially amenable to effective radiofrequency catheter ablation (CA). However, data on CA feasibility are only sparingly reported in the literature in different clinical settings, such as AAFL related to surgical correction of congenital heart disease.
  • 995
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Non-Calcified Coronary Artery Plaque on Coronary CT Angiogram
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity and remains a great healthcare concern. Early detection of coronary artery plaque before its progression to calcification can allow early interventions towards regression. This will eventually translate into a lower incidence of future cardiovascular (CV) events. Dedicated and focused outcome-based research is highly indicated in this area to assess if there is utility of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with zero or minimum coronary artery calcium score of zero (CACS). CCTA can be performed with minimal possible radiation exposure.
  • 994
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Temporal Artery Vascular Diseases
The term “temporal arteritis” is sometimes used to refer to giant cell arteritis (GCA) but this term is not appropriate. In fact, GCA does not consistently affect the temporal artery (TA) and other types of vasculitis or non-inflammatory diseases may affect TA.
  • 993
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
P2Y12 Inhibitor Monotherapy and Dual Antiplatelet Therapy
Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor is the standard treatment for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation. Although it is an effective treatment to reduce the risk of ischemic events and stent thrombosis, it increases the risk of bleeding. Newer-generations of drug-eluting stents (DES) have thinner stent struts and better design to lower the risk of stent thrombosis and have more rapid endothelialization. The role of DAPT was challenged by many clinical trials in recent years. Increasing evidence is showing P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy is a feasible alternative treatment for patients after PCI with stent implantation in the modern era, as it could lower the risk of bleeding complications and still has enough antiplatelet effect to avoid recurrent ischemic events.
  • 993
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Cyclic Nucleotides Regulate Vascular Tone
Several mediators and drugs regulate blood flow and blood pressure. The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are the key messengers mediating vasodilation under physiological conditions and are therefore involved in the physiological regulation of vascular tone. Their function is due to the existence of several mechanisms that include the reduction of [Ca2+]i and a decrease in the sensitivity of the contractile machinery; both mechanisms may occur together and decrease MLC phosphorylation. On the other hand, these mechanisms are regulated by several cellular effectors, including ion channels that regulate the membrane potential and Ca2+ influx. All these mechanisms promote vessel relaxation by reducing vascular contractility and tone. 
  • 993
  • 04 Jan 2022
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