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Topic Review
Biomechanical Properties of Ascending Aorta
Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm is a life-threatening disease, which is difficult to detect prior to the occurrence of a catastrophe. Epidemiology patterns of ascending thoracic aortic dilations/aneurysms remain understudied, whereas the risk assessment of it may be improved. 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Haemoptysis
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, heterogeneous disease of the pulmonary vasculature, haemodynamically defined by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) >20 mmHg, a normal pulmonary artery wedge pressure ≤15 mmHg and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance ≥3 Wood units. Congenital heart disease (CHD) is frequently complicated by PAH, including four individual groups with shared features; Eisenmenger syndrome (ES), congenital systemic to pulmonary shunts, PAH associated with coincidental or small defects, and PAH encountered in patients with repaired congenital defects. Spontaneous bleeding events are common in PAH-CHD and usually minor and self-limiting (e.g., dental bleeding, epistaxis, easy bruising, menorrhagia). Haemoptysis is one of the most perilous major bleeding manifestations in the clinical course of PAH-CHD and can be life-threatening. 
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  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction
“Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection” (PASC), otherwise referred to as “long COVID” or “long-haul COVID”, refers to persistent and prolonged effects after acute COVID-19 and describes the persistence of symptoms or development of sequelae beyond 3 weeks from the onset of acute symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Symptoms commonly experienced by PASC patients include fatigue, palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, and “brain fog”. Additionally, symptoms of orthostatic intolerance and syncope suggest the involvement of the autonomic nervous system.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Feasibility of Catheter Ablation of Atypical Atrial Flutters
Atypical atrial flutters (AAFL) are difficult-to-manage atrial arrhythmias, yet potentially amenable to effective radiofrequency catheter ablation (CA). However, data on CA feasibility are only sparingly reported in the literature in different clinical settings, such as AAFL related to surgical correction of congenital heart disease.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Morbidities in Adults Born Preterm
Advances in perinatal and neonatal care have led to improved survival of preterm infants into adulthood. However, the shift in focus to long-term health in adults born preterm requires a clear understanding of the impact of prematurity on developing organ systems and the development of adult-oriented disease. A less well-recognized area of risk for surviving preterm infants is their cardiometabolic health. Epidemiologic evidence has linked preterm birth to the development of systemic hypertension, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. Of more significant concern is that the risk of cardiometabolic disorders is higher in adults born preterm compared to full-term infants. 
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Advanced Monitoring Technologies
Heart failure (HF) is characterized by a progressive course of disease accompanied by recurrent exacerbations leading to high hospitalization and rehospitalization rates, which account for a substantial part of the disease load. Among the elderly, acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is the leading cause of hospitalization. The 30-day rehospitalization rate following the first admission to the hospital for HF exacerbation is 22–29.4%, which is the most common amongst all other etiologies.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cardiorenal Protection with Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) is a family of glucose transporter proteins localized in the proximal tubule of the nephron, responsible for the majority of filtered glucose and sodium reabsorption, and SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2-Is) are novel drugs for the treatment of T2DM and heart failure.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review Video
Cardiac Power Hemodynamic Measurements in Cardiovascular Conditions
Despite numerous advancements in prevention, diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular disease has remained the leading cause of mortality globally for the past. Part of the explanation for this trend is persistent difficulty in determining the severity of cardiac conditions in order to allow for the deployment of prompt therapies.  In heart failure (HF) patients showing cardiac power index (CPI) and cardiac power output (CPO) as valuable tools to assess cardiac function in the acute setting; and, additionally, CPO was found to be an essential tool in patients with critical cardiac illness (CCI), as the literature showed that CPO was statistically correlated with mortality. Cardiac power and the derived measures obtained from this relatively easily obtained variable can allow for essential estimations of prognostic outcomes in cardiac patients.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
OSA and Cardiac Arrhythmias
Sleep apnea is a highly prevalent disorder among patients with all forms of cardiovascular disease. Decades of data from several large prospective patient registries have revealed that sleep apnea—in particular, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)—is practically endemic in cardiology clinics and cardiac inpatient wards across the globe. OSA has been closely associated with prevalent and incident hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and all forms of cardiac rhythm disturbance. Additionally, central sleep apnea (CSA) or combined OSA and CSA often affects patients with heart failure and stroke. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease are so intertwined with respect to their epidemiology and shared pathophysiology that one can think of them as being two components of a global, multi-system metabolic syndrome driven largely by obesity.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Feedback Devices for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
The application of feedback devices for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can effectively enhance the quality of life-saving treatment during CPR. 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect
Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA/VSD) is the extreme form of Fallot's tetralogy in which pulmonary blood flow is ensured from systemic blood flow sources. In the presence of Major Aorto-Pulmonary Collateral Arteries (MAPCAs), the disease assumes the greatest complexity due to the variable pulmonary perfusion patterns, of which MAPCAs are an important, although not the only source. True pulmonary arteries may have varying degrees of hypoplasia, be absent and, more rarely, discontinuous, with unilateral pulmonary perfusion provided by the arterial duct and contralateral by MAPCAs. The variability of the pulmonary perfusion pattern is a determining factor in the complexity of patients with PA/VSD/MAPCAs and the consequent diversity of their surgical management.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Pulmonary Artery Banding for Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Children
Current treatment paradigms for end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in children include heart transplantation and mechanical support devices. However, waitlist mortality, shortage of smaller donors, time-limited durability of grafts, and thrombo-hemorrhagic events affect long-term outcomes. Moreover, both these options are noncurative and cannot preserve the native heart function. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB) has been reinvented as a possible “regenerative surgery” to retrain the decompensated left ventricle in children with DCM. The rationale is to promote positive ventricular–ventricular interactions that result in recovery of left ventricular function in one out of two children, allowing transplantation delisting.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Molecular Imaging for Atherosclerotic Plaque
Atherosclerosis is a well-known disease leading to cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. These conditions lead to a high mortality rate, which explains the interest in their prevention, early detection, and treatment. Molecular imaging is able to shed light on the basic pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, that cause the progression and instability of plaque.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Non-Calcified Coronary Artery Plaque on Coronary CT Angiogram
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity and remains a great healthcare concern. Early detection of coronary artery plaque before its progression to calcification can allow early interventions towards regression. This will eventually translate into a lower incidence of future cardiovascular (CV) events. Dedicated and focused outcome-based research is highly indicated in this area to assess if there is utility of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with zero or minimum coronary artery calcium score of zero (CACS). CCTA can be performed with minimal possible radiation exposure.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac-Targeting Peptide
Despite significant strides in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, cardiovascular diseases remain the number one cause of mortality in the United States, with rates climbing at an alarming rate in the developing world. Targeted delivery of therapeutics to the heart has been a lofty goal to achieve with strategies ranging from direct intra-cardiac or intra-pericardial delivery, intra-coronary infusion, to adenoviral, lentiviral, and adeno-associated viral vectors which have preference, if not complete cardio-selectivity, for cardiac tissue. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) are 5–30-amino-acid-long peptides that are able to breach cell membrane barriers while carrying cargoes up to several times their size, in an intact functional form. Identified nearly three decades ago, the first of these CPPs came from the HIV coat protein transactivator of transcription. Although a highly efficient CPP, its clinical utility is limited by its robust ability to cross any cell membrane barrier, including crossing the blood–brain barrier and transducing neuronal tissue non-specifically.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Marathon-Induced Cardiac Fatigue
There is a clear impact of marathon on skeletal muscle and myocardium structure. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Personalized Cell Therapy for PAD
Stem/progenitor cell transplantation is a potential novel therapeutic strategy to induce angiogenesis in ischemic tissue, which can prevent major amputation in patients with advanced peripheral artery disease (PAD). Some studies have indicated that the response to stem cell therapy varies among patients, even in those harboring limited risk factors.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Modeling Human Cardiac Arrhythmias: Insights from Zebrafish
Cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular heart rhythm, is associated with morbidity and mortality and is described as one of the most important future public health challenges. In the last few decades, the zebrafish has emerged as an attractive model to reproduce in vivo human cardiac pathologies, including arrhythmias. As genetic tools in zebrafish continue to bloom, this model will be crucial for functional genomics studies and to develop personalized anti-arrhythmic therapies.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Osteopontin in Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathological condition with multifactorial etiology, which is characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Accumulating clinical evidence suggests that circulating osteopontin may serve as a biomarker of PH progression, severity, and prognosis, as well as an indicator of maladaptive right ventricular remodeling and dysfunction. Osteopontin modulates a plethora of cellular processes within the pulmonary vasculature, including cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, extracellular matrix synthesis, and inflammation via binding to various receptors such as integrins and CD44.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Nailfold Capillaroscopy
Nailfold capillaroscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique applied to an in vivo, dynamic, two-dimensional projection of the three-dimensional capillary network of the studied organ, typically the skin. 
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Aug 2022
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