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Topic Review
Radar-Based Invisible Biometric Authentication
Bio-Radar (BR) systems have shown great promise for biometric applications. Conventional methods can be forged, or fooled; even alternative methods intrinsic to the user, such as the Electrocardiogram (ECG), present drawbacks as they require contact with the sensor.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Induced Drug Release from Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels
Stimuli-responsive hydrogel drug delivery systems are designed to release a payload when prompted by an external stimulus. These platforms have become prominent in the field of drug delivery due to their ability to provide spatial and temporal control for drug release. Among the different external triggers that have been used, ultrasound possesses several advantages: it is non-invasive, has deep tissue penetration, and can safely transmit acoustic energy to a localized area.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Smart Packaging and Returns Assessment System
Medicine waste is a global issue, with economic, environmental, and social consequences that are only predicted to worsen. To address a lack of technological advancements to enable medicine reuse a Smart Packaging and Returns Assessment System (SPaRAS) was proposed to validate the storage conditions and streamline the assessment of returned medicines. The Smart Packaging System (SPS) will record the storage conditions of medication while in patient care. The companion Returns Assessment System (RAS) will efficiently communicate with the SPS through RFID, configure the sensors within the SPS to the needs of its assigned medicine and assess the returns against tailored eligibility criteria. The increased safety and efficiency provided by SPaRAS addresses the concerns of large pharmaceutical companies and the public, offering a method to reuse previously owned medication and reduce the effects of unnecessary medicine waste.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Myocardial Radiofrequency Ablation Temperature Monitoring
Myocardial catheter-mediated radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive technique which exploits high-frequency alternating electrical current to induce irreversible damage in selected myocardial districts through hyperthermia. (RFA) has received substantial attention for the treatment of multiple arrhythmias. In this scenario, there is an ever-growing demand for monitoring the temperature trend inside the tissue as it may allow an accurate control of the treatment effects, with a consequent improvement of the clinical outcomes. There are many methods for monitoring temperature in tissues undergoing RFA, which can be divided as invasive and non-invasive. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Organ on Chip Technology to Cancer
Organ on chip (OOC) has emerged as a major technological breakthrough and distinct model system revolutionizing biomedical research and drug discovery by recapitulating the crucial structural and functional complexity of human organs in vitro. OOC are rapidly emerging as powerful tools for oncology research. Indeed, Cancer on chip (COC) can ideally reproduce certain key aspects of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as biochemical gradients and niche factors, dynamic cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, and complex tissue structures composed of tumor and stromal cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Detection
Breast cancer is one the main death causes for women worldwide, as 16% of the diagnosed malignant lesions worldwide are its consequence. In this sense, it is of paramount importance to diagnose these lesions in the earliest stage possible, in order to have the highest chances of survival. While there are several works that present selected topics in this area, none of them present a complete panorama, that is, from the image generation to its interpretation.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Application of SiNW-FET Biosensor with High Sensitivity
As a new type of one-dimensional semiconductor nanometer material, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) possess good application prospects in the field of biomedical sensing. SiNWs have excellent electronic properties for improving the detection sensitivity of biosensors. The combination of SiNWs and field effect transistors (FETs) formed one special biosensor with high sensitivity and target selectivity in real-time and label-free. Recently, SiNW-FETs have received more attention in fields of biomedical detection.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pores in 3D-Printed Scaffolds
Extrusion-based 3D printing technology has become a pivotal approach in tissue engineering, particularly in the fabrication of polymer-based cell-free and cell-laden constructs. Terminology is pivotal for facilitating clear communication and minimizing ambiguity, especially in specialized fields such as chemistry. In materials science, a subset of chemistry, the term “pore” is traditionally linked to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature, which categorizes pores into “micro”, “meso”, and “macro” based on size.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
A Unique Marine-Derived Collagen
To provide the conditions for the mechanical and structural properties needed for the restored tissue and its appropriate functioning, the scaffold requires specific biochemical properties in order to ensure a correct healing process. The scaffold creates a support system and requires a suitable material that will transduce the appropriate signals for the regenerative process to take place. A scaffold composed of material that mimics natural tissue, rather than a synthetic material, will achieve better results.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Modeling Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are revolutionizing the treatment of cancer, but models that accurately predict their efficacy before administering them to humans are badly needed.  This entry presents the application of a microfluidic tumor model that simulates the interactions between immune cells and tumors in a dynamic microenvironment, utilizing real-time imaging and image analytic algorithms to demonstrate excellent correlations between the laboratory model and animal studies.  Future applications of the system in precision medicine will explore the use of the device for selecting patient-specific therapies for cancer.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
MRI function in Bone Microstructure
Bone microarchitecture has been shown to provide useful information regarding the evaluation of skeleton quality with an added value to areal bone mineral density, which can be used for the di-agnosis of several bone diseases. Bone mineral density estimated from dual-energy x-ray absorp-tiometry (DXA) has shown to be a limited tool to identify patients’ risk stratification and therapy delivery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as another technique to assess bone quality and fracture risk by evaluating the bone structure and microarchitecture.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Real-World Driver Stress Recognition and Diagnosis
Mental stress is known as a prime factor in road crashes. The devastation of these crashes often results in damage to humans, vehicles, and infrastructure. Likewise, persistent mental stress could lead to the development of mental, cardiovascular, and abdominal disorders. Preceding research in this domain mostly focuses on feature engineering and conventional machine learning approaches.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Technology for Measuring Vital Signs
Human vital signs such as temperature, breathing rate (BR), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), and blood pressure (BP) indicate human state of health to a large extent. COVID-19 effects on vital signs, as shown above, are significant on cardiorespiratory state and temperature. Certain other characteristics such as coughing and conjunctivitis are clearly detectable by video camera under the right circumstances, while being difficult to detect remotely using non-imaging technology. Coughing can be detected acoustically.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Graphene-Based Biosensors to Detect Dopamine
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease in which the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) depletes due to the progressive loss of nigrostriatal neurons. Therefore, DA measurement might be a useful diagnostic tool for targeting the early stages of PD, as well as helping to optimize DA replacement therapy. Moreover, DA sensing appears to be a useful analytical tool in complex biological systems in PD studies. Graphene-based DA sensors are emerging analytical tools for PD diagnostics.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Key Requirements for the Development of Skin-on-a-Chip Devices
The increased demand for physiologically relevant in vitro human skin models for testing pharmaceutical drugs has led to significant advancements in skin engineering. One of the most promising approaches is the use of in vitro microfluidic systems to generate advanced skin models, commonly known as skin-on-a-chip (SoC) devices. These devices allow the simulation of key mechanical, functional and structural features of the human skin, better mimicking the native microenvironment. Importantly, contrary to conventional cell culture techniques, SoC devices can perfuse the skin tissue, either by the inclusion of perfusable lumens or by the use of microfluidic channels acting as engineered vasculature. Moreover, integrating sensors on the SoC device allows real-time, non-destructive monitoring of skin function and the effect of topically and systemically applied drugs.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Enzymatic Methods for Salivary Biomarkers Detection
A biomarker, also known as a biological marker, is any molecule, substance, or measurable process in the body or in one of its components that can support the diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, or response to the treatment of a disease. Recent technological advances have made it possible to detect and quantify biomarkers in saliva samples. Enzymatic assays as a cost-effective alternative to overcome the limitations of current methods for the quantification of biomarkers in saliva.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biomaterials for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology
The principal features essential for the success of an orthopaedic implant are its shape, dimensional accuracy, and adequate mechanical properties. Unlike other manufactured products, chemical stability and toxicity are of increased importance due to the need for biocompatibility over an implants life which could span several years. Thus, the combination of mechanical and biological properties determines the clinical usefulness of biomaterials in orthopaedic and musculoskeletal trauma surgery. Materials commonly used for these applications include stainless steel, cobalt-chromium and titanium alloys, ceramics, polyethylene, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound Image Analysis with Vision Transformers
Ultrasound (US) has become a widely used imaging modality in clinical practice, characterized by its rapidly evolving technology, advantages, and unique challenges, such as a low imaging quality and high variability. There is a need to develop advanced automatic US image analysis methods to enhance its diagnostic accuracy and objectivity. Vision transformers, a recent innovation in machine learning, have demonstrated significant potential in various research fields, including general image analysis and computer vision, due to their capacity to process large datasets and learn complex patterns. Their suitability for automatic US image analysis tasks, such as classification, detection, and segmentation, has been recognized. 
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Blood Flow in Microchannels
Blood flow in large arteries or biomedical devices can be treated as a homogenous fluid where its particulate nature can be ignored. However, in reality, blood is a suspension of deformable cells in a viscous fluid plasma. Hence, in microcirculation and microchannels, it is fundamental to take into account the effects of the multiphase properties of the blood and to study the blood flow behaviour at a cellular level. A clear example of the multiphase nature of the blood is the formation of a plasma layer (or cell-free layer) around the walls of the microchannels.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Tongue Contour Tracking Techniques in Ultrasound Images
Lingual ultrasound imaging is essential in linguistic research and speech recognition. It has been used widely in different applications as visual feedback to enhance language learning for non-native speakers, study speech-related disorders and remediation, articulation research and analysis, swallowing study, tongue 3D modelling, and silent speech interface. Tongue tracking using machine learning-based techniques is superior to traditional techniques, considering the performance and algorithm generalization ability. Meanwhile, traditional techniques are helpful for implementing interactive image segmentation to extract valuable features during training and postprocessing. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Dec 2022
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