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Topic Review
Diagnosis of Food-Dependent Exercise-Induced Allergic Reactions
Food-dependent exercise-induced allergic reactions (FDEIA) represent a distinct clinical phenomenon where symptoms arise during exercise following the consumption of specific trigger foods, with the most severe manifestation being anaphylaxis—a condition distinct from typical exercise-induced or food-induced anaphylaxis.
  • 681
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mast Cells’ Role in Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common rhinopathy that affects up to 30% of the adult population. It is defined as an inflammation of the nasal mucosa, develops in allergic individuals, and is detected mostly by a positive skin-prick test. Mast cells (MCs) are innate immune system effector cells that play a pivotal role in innate immunity and modulating adaptive immunity, rendering them as key cells of allergic inflammation and thus of allergic diseases. MCs are typically located in body surfaces exposed to the external environment such as the nasal mucosa. Due to their location in the nasal mucosa, they are in the first line of defense against inhaled substances such as allergens. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent activation of MCs in the nasal mucosa following exposure to allergens in a sensitized individual is a cardinal mechanism in the pathophysiology of AR.
  • 678
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Susceptibility of Delayed Drug Hypersensitivity
The clinical presentations of delayed drug hypersensitivity are various. They range from mild reactions (e.g., maculopapular exanthema (MPE) and fixed drug eruption (FDE)) to drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) (e.g., Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)). The common culprits of delayed drug hypersensitivity include anti-epileptics, antibiotics, anti-gout agents, anti-viral drugs, etc. Delayed drug hypersensitivity is proposed to be initiated by different models of molecular recognition, composed of drug/metabolite antigen and endogenous peptide, HLA presentation, and T cell receptor (TCR) interaction. Increasing genetic variants of HLA loci and drug metabolic enzymes have been identified as responsible for delayed drug hypersensitivity. The genetic susceptibility of delayed drug hypersensitivity showed drug-specific, phenotype-specific, and ethnic variation. 
  • 675
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Treatment for Itch in Atopic Dermatitis
This entry briefly describes the recent drugs for the treatment of atopic itch.
  • 672
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Role of PD-L1 in Hematopoietic and Organ Transplant
One major limitation shared by hematopoietic cellular therapies and solid organ transplantation is the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft failure, respectively. In both cases, an overactive immune system targets and destroys functional tissue, similar to autoimmune diseases. Promising targets for future immunotherapy include the interaction of programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) with PD-1 or CD-80, which play a role in regulating T cells. Studies have shown that overexpression of PD-L1 in GVHD models improves survival and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Similarly, stimulating PD-L1 during organ transplantation prolongs the graft’s lifespan and reduces rejection rates. 
  • 670
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cytokine Storm in Viral Respiratory Pandemic
The "cytokine storm" (CS) consists of a spectrum of different immune dysregulation disorders characterized by constitutional symptoms, systemic inflammation and multiorgan dysfunction triggered by an uncontrolled immune response.
  • 669
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Women with Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
Sex and age are important factors influencing physical and mental health in schizophrenia.
  • 668
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bronchoscopy for Patients Infected with SARS-Cov-2
Bronchoscopy has several major diagnostic and therapeutic indications in pulmonology. However, it is an aerosol-generating procedure that places healthcare providers at an increased risk of infection. Now more than ever, during the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the infectious risk during bronchoscopy is significantly raised, and for this reason its role in diagnostic management is debated.
  • 663
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Omalizumab for Patients with Severe Allergic Asthma
Evidence suggests that omalizumab improves asthma control and reduces the incidence and frequency of exacerbations in patients with severe allergic asthma. Omalizumab is also effective in those patients in reducing corticosteroid use and healthcare utilization, while it also seems to improve lung function. Several biomarkers have been recognized in predicting its efficacy in its target group of patients, while the optimal duration for evaluating its efficacy is between 16 and 32 weeks. 
  • 659
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Exposome Approach in Allergies and Lung Diseases
Emerging research suggests environmental exposures before conception may adversely affect allergies and lung diseases in future generations. Most studies are limited as they have focused on single exposures, not considering that these diseases have a multifactorial origin in which environmental and lifestyle factors are likely to interact. Traditional exposure assessment methods fail to capture the interactions among environmental exposures and their impact on fundamental biological processes, as well as individual and temporal factors. A valid estimation of exposure preconception is difficult since the human reproductive cycle spans decades and the access to germ cells is limited. The exposome is defined as the cumulative measure of external exposures on an organism (external exposome), and the associated biological responses (endogenous exposome) throughout the lifespan, from conception and onwards. An exposome approach implies a targeted or agnostic analysis of the concurrent and temporal multiple exposures, and may, together with recent technological advances, improve the assessment of the environmental contributors to health and disease. This review describes the current knowledge on preconception environmental exposures as related to respiratory health outcomes in offspring. We discuss the usefulness and feasibility of using an exposome approach in this research, advocating for the preconception exposure window to become included in the exposome concept.
  • 658
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Serum Lactate in the Prediction of Cardiac Arrest
Elevated lactate levels and poor lactate clearance were strongly associated with a higher risk of ED-based IHCA. Clinicians may consider a more liberal sampling of lactate in patients at higher risk of IHCA with follow-up of abnormal levels. 
  • 657
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Insomnia in Cancer Patients
Insomnia is unfortunately one of many factors that worsen the quality of life of cancer patients, and numerous studies have documented its high frequency. Insomnia symptoms have been described in nearly half the patients who have received a recent cancer diagnosis. Severe sleep difficulties have been reported by a wide range from 25 to 59% of cancer patients, double the rate described in the general population.
  • 656
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
ADAM33′s Role in Asthma Pathogenesis
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease involving reversible airway obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR), mucus overproduction, and airway narrowing and remodeling. The symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and breathlessness and may become aggravated at night or during physical activity, resulting in decreased life quality, impaired productivity, and significant utilization of healthcare resources. Younger individuals are affected more frequently than adults: 9.1% of children, 11.0% of adolescents, and 6.6% of adults experience asthma symptoms, and the prevalence across all age groups is increased in high-income countries. The worldwide mortality rate for childhood asthma reaches up to 0.7 deaths per 100,000, and children who suffer from severe asthma have a greater risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adulthood. Genes play a larger role in children’s asthma. 
  • 650
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ureteroenteric Strictures
Benign ureteroenteric anastomosis strictures (UESs) are one of many critical complications that may cause irreversible disability following robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC).
  • 640
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
VitD3 and Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Active 1,25(OH)2 D3 is generated in immune cells via 1-α-hydroxylase, subsequently interacting with the VitD3 receptor to promote transcriptional and epigenomic responses in the same or adjacent cells. Despite considerable progress in deciphering the role of VitD3 in autoimmunity, its exact pathogenetic involvement remains to be elucidated. 
  • 640
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Asthma Diagnosis and Severity Assessment
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs (Ribonucleic acids) with regulatory functions that could prove useful as biomarkers for asthma diagnosis and asthma severity-risk stratification. 
  • 638
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Manipulation of Amino Acids for Cancer Therapy
Cancer cells cannot proliferate and survive unless they obtain sufficient levels of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids (AAs). Unlike normal cells, cancer cells have genetic and metabolic alterations that may limit their capacity to obtain adequate levels of the 20 AAs in challenging metabolic environments. However, since normal diets provide all AAs at relatively constant levels and ratios, these potentially lethal genetic and metabolic defects are eventually harmless to cancer cells. If the normal diet of cancer patients is temporarily replaced  with artificial diets in which the levels of specific AAs are manipulated, cancer cells may be unable to proliferate and survive. 
  • 630
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Strategies of Immune Suppression
Most immunosuppressive medications have been incriminated in renal, cardiovascular, and neurological complications, relapse of viral hepatitis, and recurrence of HCC and other cancers. Efforts to minimize immunosuppression are directed toward decreasing medication side effects, increasing cost effectiveness, and decreasing economic burden without increasing the risk of rejection. 
  • 627
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Induction of Immune Tolerance in Islet Transplantation
Allogeneic islet transplantation has become an effective treatment option for severe Type 1 diabetes with intractable impaired awareness due to hypoglycemic events. Although current immunosuppressive protocols effectively prevent the acute rejection associated with initial T cell activation in recipients, chronic rejection has remained an obstacle for achieving long-term allogeneic islet engraftment. 
  • 623
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Disorders Associated with Mast Cell Activation and Nomenclature
Mast cells (MCs), as multifunctional immune cells, orchestrate the typical allergic conditions wherein the activation of these cells by allergens, including pollen, food, medication, and the venom of stinging insects, leads to the degranulation and elaboration of the inflammatory mediators responsible for regulating the acute dramatic inflammatory response. Anaphylaxis, mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), and mastocytosis are interrelated yet distinct conditions within the spectrum of mast cell activation disorders.
  • 622
  • 03 Nov 2023
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