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Topic Review
Metal Ions and Bioactive Glasses
Bioactive glasses (BGs) are of great interest in the field of medical implants due to their osteoinductive, osteoproductive, osteoconductive, and antimicrobial properties. Metal ions with bactericidal action can be incorporated into the glass structure in order to improve the antibiofilm activity of the BGs.
  • 815
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Amidoalkyl Naphthols: Bioactive Substances and Building Blocks
1-amidoalkyl-2-naphthol derivatives are of increasing interest due to their biological activities and further use in the preparation of other important bioactive molecules, such as aminoalkyl naphthols and oxazines.
  • 815
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sodium nitropusside a novel neuroleptic
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder affecting up to 1% of the worldwide population. Available therapy presents different limits comprising lack of efficiency in attenuating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits, typical features of schizophrenia and severe side effects. There is pressing requirement, therefore, to develop novel neuroleptics with higher efficacy and safety. Nitric oxide (NO), an intra- and inter-cellular messenger in the brain, appears to be implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In particular, underproduction of this gaseous molecule is associated to this mental disease. The latter suggests that increment of nitrergic activity might be of utility for the medication of schizophrenia. Based on the above, molecules able to enhance NO production, as are NO donors, might represent a class of compounds candidates. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a NO donor and is proposed as a promising novel compound for the treatment of schizophrenia.
  • 814
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance has posed a great threat to human health. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has always outpaced the development of new antibiotics, and the investment in the development of new antibiotics is diminishing. Supramolecular self-assembly of the conventional antibacterial agents has been proved to be a promising and versatile strategy to tackle the serious problem of antibiotic resistance.
  • 800
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Asymmetric Lipid Vesicles
Liposomes have been widely studied for drug release applications, for which they are known to have the desired effect by releasing specific concentrations on site. In drug delivery, when a drug is supplied directly to the bloodstream, problems such as short circulation times, drug breakdown, and clearance are lessened. Liposomes are an alternative to avoid these problems because they can trap the drug, control the dosage need, and have an effective drug concentration to target the desired cells.
  • 795
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Vanadium and Melanoma
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, the incidence of which has been increasing annually worldwide.
  • 790
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Anti-Breast Cancer Properties of Curcumin Analogs
Breast cancer (BC), the most common malignancy in women, results from significant alterations in genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that alter multiple signaling pathways in growth and malignant progression, leading to limited long-term survival. Curcumin (a natural yellow pigment), the principal ingredient in the spice turmeric, is well-documented for its diverse pharmacological properties including anti-cancer activity. However, its clinical application has been limited because of its low solubility, stability, and bioavailability. To overcome the limitation of curcumin, several modified curcumin conjugates and curcumin analogs were developed and studied for their anti-cancer properties.
  • 767
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Biological Activities of Ruthenium NHC Complexes
Ruthenium N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes have unique physico-chemical properties as catalysts and a huge potential in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, exhibiting a variety of notable biological activities.
  • 757
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
RA and Effects of Curcumin
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a widespread, chronic, autoimmune disorder affecting the joints, causing irreversible cartilage, synovium, and bone degradation. During the course of the disease, many immune and joint cells are activated, causing persistent inflammation. Immune cells including macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, mast cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, as well as synovial tissue cells, like fibroblast-like synoviocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoclasts secrete different pro-inflammatory factors, counting many cytokines, angiogenesis-stimulating molecules and others, exacerbating the ongoing condition. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa), with prominent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Various in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that curcumin can suppress the expression of inflammatory mediators and modulate immune cells, alleviating the course of RA, making it a promising, potential drug. 
  • 746
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Drug Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by decreased synaptic transmission and cerebral atrophy with appearance of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Cognitive, functional, and behavioral alterations are commonly associated with the disease. Different pathophysiological pathways of AD have been proposed, some of which interact and influence one another. Treatment for AD mainly involves the use of therapeutic agents to alleviate the symptoms in AD patients. The conventional single-target treatment approaches do not often cause the desired effect in the disease due to its multifactorial origin. Thus, multi-target strategies have since been undertaken, which aim to simultaneously target multiple targets involved in the development of AD. 
  • 742
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Chemistry and pharmacological study of Aspidosperma pyrifolium (Apocynaceae)
Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart., popularly known as “pereiro-preto”, is a small tree that is widely distributed in Northeastern Brazil, more precisely in the Caatinga. Its wood is used in the manufacture of furniture, due to its excellent quality; in traditional medicine, the extract of its leaves and bark is used for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The study made it possible to isolate 15-methoxyaspidospermine and 15-methoxypyrifolidine, corroborating the results of pharmacological assays, which showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential, especially at 30 mg kg−1 (p < 0.001). Thus, the species was shown to be a promising source of active substances, with special attention paid to its toxicological potential.
  • 741
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Classification, Toxicity and Bioactivity of Natural Diterpenoid Alkaloids
Diterpenoid alkaloids are natural compounds having complex structural features with many stereo-centres originating from the amination of natural tetracyclic diterpenes and produced primarily from plants in the Aconitum, Delphinium, Consolida genera. Corals, Xenia, Okinawan/Clavularia, Alcyonacea (soft corals) and marine sponges are rich sources of diterpenoids, despite the difficulty to access them and the lack of availability. Researchers have long been concerned with the potential beneficial or harmful effects of diterpenoid alkaloids due to their structural complexity, which accounts for their use as pharmaceuticals as well as their lousy reputation as toxic substances. Compounds belonging to this unique and fascinating family of natural products exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. Some of these compounds are on the list of clinical drugs, while others act as incredibly potent neurotoxins. Despite numerous attempts to prepare synthetic products, this review only introduces the natural diterpenoid alkaloids, describing ‘compounds’ structures and classifications and their toxicity and bioactivity. The purpose of the review is to highlight some existing relationships between the presence of substituents in the structure of such molecules and their recognised bioactivity.
  • 728
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nano/Micromotors for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
Nano/micromotors are artificial robots at the nano/microscale that are capable of transforming energy into mechanical movement. In cancer diagnosis or therapy, such “tiny robots” show great promise for targeted drug delivery, cell removal/killing, and even related biomarker sensing. 
  • 723
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Using 5-Nitroimidazole Derivatives against Neglected Tropical Protozoan Diseases
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a significant global health problem. Additionally, anti-protozoan treatments are toxic, and their therapeutic regimens require prolonged treatment times and high concentrations of the drugs. Additionally, multi-resistant protozoan strains represent an important global emergency that must be addressed. For these reasons, global efforts are being made to identify new drug candidates that are capable of combating these kinds of diseases. This systematic review shows that 5-nitroimidazole derivatives have been successfully used against neglected tropical protozoan diseases (NTPDs), with a specific focus on three diseases: malaria, leishmaniasis, and human trypanosomiasis. Some nitroimidazole derivatives have been repurposed, and an important group of new drugs is available for the treatment of NTPDs. 
  • 703
  • 15 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Natural Products against Common Respiratory Diseases
Currently, the world is more challenged by respiratory diseases (RDs) than it witnessed in the last few decades. This is evident in the plethora of acute and chronic respiratory conditions, ranging from asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, pneumonia, influenza, and more recently, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) disease. Unfortunately, the emergence of drug-resistant strains of pathogens, drug toxicity and side effects are drawbacks to effective chemotherapeutic management of RDs. The role of natural products (NPs) in drug discovery cannot be over-emphasized. NPs are chemical substances produced by living organisms such as plants, animals, and marine organisms. They are primary and secondary metabolites and may only be isolatable in small quantities from natural sources. Structurally, they range from small molecules, such as thymol, thymoquinone and penicillin, to complex molecules such as tachyplesin I and II, with unique chemical and biological properties. NPs are regarded as the hallmark of modern pharmaceutical care because they continue to provide new leads with novel biological mechanisms of action against emerging diseases.
  • 698
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
First-Line Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Drugs
Following the most recent guidelines of the European Association for the Study of Liver/European Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment research organization, liver cancer is the sixth most frequent cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Among the most frequently occurring forms of primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is responsible for more than 90% of the global health burden due to liver cancer. Males appear to be more susceptible to HCC than females. Hepatocellular carcinoma is most frequently reported in people with chronic liver disorders, such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C infection or a genetic disorder (e.g., hemochromatosis). Additionally, HCC is more prevalent in those who use a considerable amount of alcohol and have a fatty liver. Generally, HCC treatment has been classified as curative or palliative. Curative procedures such as percutaneous ablation, liver transplantation, and resection all result in complete remission in many cases and are likely to enhance survival. While palliative treatments are not intended to cure, they can enhance response rates and even survival in some patients. When treating patients with liver cancer, it is common to use a combination of multidisciplinary approaches that take into account the patient’s specific condition, including the severity of their liver disease and overall health. Liver cancers are treated differently in different specialties and in different parts of the world. Additionally, most people with HCC have an incurable illness. Traditionally, these individuals have had few therapy choices because HCC displays resistance to currently available systemic treatments. 
  • 689
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Intracapsular Femoral Neck Fractures
Femoral neck fractures are common and constitute one of the largest healthcare burdens of the modern age. Fractures within the joint capsule (intracapsular) represent a specific surgical challenge due to the difficulty in predicting the rates of bony union and whether the blood supply to the femoral head has been disrupted in a way that would lead to avascular necrosis. Most femoral neck fractures are treated surgically, aiming to maintain mobility, whilst reducing pain and complications associated with prolonged bedrest.
  • 686
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Aprotinin for Influenza Treatment
Aprotinin (APR) was discovered in 1930. APR is an effective pan-protease inhibitor, a typical “magic shotgun”. Until 2007, APR was widely used as an antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory drug in cardiac and noncardiac surgeries for reduction of bleeding and thus limiting the need for blood transfusion. The ability of APR to inhibit proteolytic activation of some viruses leads to its use as an antiviral drug for the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory virus infections.
  • 680
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pyrrolotriazinone
Pyrrolotriazinones, a class of azolotriazinone, are indeed a fused bicyclic compound. Pyrrolotriazinones share common properties with all nitrogen-containing heterocycles.
  • 679
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Health Effects of European Elderberry and American Elderberry
Elderberry is highly reputed for its health-improving effects. Multiple pieces of evidence indicate that the consumption of berries is linked to enhancing human health and preventing or delaying the onset of chronic medical conditions. Compared with other fruit, elderberry is a very rich source of anthocyanins (approximately 80% of the polyphenol content). These polyphenols are the principals that essentially contribute to the high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities and the health benefits of elderberry fruit extract. These health effects include attenuation of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory disorders, as well as anti-diabetic, anticancer, antiviral, and immuno-stimulatory effects.
  • 678
  • 06 Apr 2023
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