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Topic Review
Noise Levels in University Dental Clinic
Noise levels in a dental office can be produced by different specialty instruments. Exposure to high levels of noise (unwanted sounds) may cause auditory and non-auditory health problems in dentists.
  • 408
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Racial Disparities and Respiratory Infectious Diseases in USA
In the U.S., racial disparities are present among children, with Hispanic and Black children carrying the burden of infectious respiratory disease occurrence. Several factors are contributory to these outcomes among Hispanic and Black children, including higher rates of poverty; higher rates of chronic conditions, such as asthma and obesity; and seeking care outside of the home. However, vaccinations can be used to reduce the risk of infection among Black and Hispanic children. Whether a child is very young or a teen, racial disparities are present in occurrence rates of infectious respiratory diseases, with the burden resting among minorities. Therefore, it is important for parents to be aware of the risk of infectious diseases and to be aware of resources, such as vaccines.
  • 407
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Blood Flow Restriction and Ocular Health
Despite the many health benefits of resistance training, it has been suggested that high-intensity resistance exercise is associated with acute increases in intraocular pressure which is a significant risk factor for the development of glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Therefore, resistance training using a variety of forms (e.g., resistance bands, free weights, weight machines, and bodyweight) may be harmful to patients with or at risk of glaucoma. An appropriate solution for such people may involve the combination of resistance training and blood flow restriction (BFR). During the last decade, the BFR (a.k.a. occlusion or KAATSU training) method has drawn great interest among health and sports professionals because of the possibility for individuals to improve various areas of fitness and performance at lower exercise intensities. 
  • 405
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Wearables for Monitoring and Postural Feedback
Wearables offer a promising solution for simultaneous posture monitoring and/or corrective feedback. Some wearables have the feature to provide real-time corrective sensory feedback when adopting inadequate postures. This feedback can be auditory (typically conveyed through diverse auditory channels), visual (usually displayed by screens or projectors), haptic (application of vibratory stimulus), or a combination of these, providing information based on performance or outcome.
  • 404
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Noncommunicable Diseases
Sleep is extremely important for the homeostasis of the organism. In recent years, various studies have been carried out to address factors related to sleep patterns and their influence on food choices, as well as on the onset of chronic noncommunicable diseases.
  • 403
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress during Pregnancy
Pregnancy is accompanied by an increased need for oxygen in the mitochondria of the placenta and a tendency to develop oxidative stress. Oxidative stress represents a disturbance in the balance of oxidation–reduction processes in the body that occurs due to the excessive production of free oxygen radicals that cellular homeostatic mechanisms are unable to neutralize. When the balance with the antioxidant system is disturbed, which happens when free oxygen radicals are in high concentrations, serious damage to biological molecules occurs, resulting in a series of pathophysiological and pathological changes, including cell death. Therefore, oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of many complications that can occur during pregnancy. 
  • 403
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Physical Activity in Cardiometabolic Disease
Cardiometabolic disease begins with insulin resistance and then progresses to the clinically identifiable high-risk states of metabolic syndrome and prediabetes, before it leads to type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs), the burden attributable to non-communicable disease (including CVD and T2DM) increased from 37.8% of total disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 1990 to 66.0% in 2019, with a similar pattern in upper-middle-income countries as well. Cardiometabolic disease imposes a large financial burden on patients and households, while increasing vulnerability to poverty.
  • 402
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a cancer mainly caused by asbestos fiber inhalation, characterized by an extremely long latency and poor prognosis.
  • 401
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Source of Discomfort in Police Officers
The importance of improving working conditions for the health and psychological health of police officers creates added value in terms of organizational performance and the quality of life of those in the organization. Protecting the psychological health of police officers could have a positive impact not only on the private lives of employees but also on the quality of the relations between police officers and the users of police services, which, in turn, may lead to an improvement in the services offered to citizens. It is therefore desirable that all police organizations become aware of the importance of psychosocial risk assessment for not only the protection of police officers’ health but also for the optimization of their responses to citizens’ requests.
  • 399
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome after COVID-19 Infection
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly emerged as a global pandemic, placing imminent stress and burden on healthcare resources and workers worldwide. Many patients who present with a severe COVID-19 infection are at high risk of developing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), leading to a vast number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation and a high mortality rate. Similar to Middle East respiratory syndrome, COVID-19 demonstrates an initial viral replication phase that manifests as a variety of symptoms typically flu-like in nature, followed by a profound inflammatory response leading to rapid production of cytokines and uncontrolled inflammation. 
  • 398
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pets as Sentinels for Environmental Pollution
Sentinels are organisms whose characteristics (including health status) change due to acute or chronic effects in a given environment that can be evaluated (monitored) through serial surveillance. 
  • 397
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
White-Tailed Deer Population Density and Tick-Borne Disease Risk
Spatial distributions between deer population density and human and canine tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in northeastern and southern Indiana, which are rural and mixed geographic areas. Overall, Lyme disease is more prevalent in the northwest, central-western, and southeastern counties, while ehrlichiosis is more common in the southern counties. These findings hold true across humans, canines, and deer.
  • 397
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Opioids and Agricultural Industries
The rising incidence of opioid use and its associated aftermath have been deemed a public health crisis in the U.S. The term opioid encompasses prescription opioid medication (used to treat pain, most commonly oxycodone and hydrocodone), the synthetic opioid fentanyl (used for severe pain), and heroin (an illegal opioid in the U.S.). Given the potentially destructive nature of opioids and the importance of agricultural industries to the well-being and security of U.S. residents, it is important to gain a better understanding of the impact of harmful opioid use on agricultural industries as well as areas of need for resource and program development. Levels of opioid use and associated consequences vary tremendously by location even within a given state. Indeed, opioid use and associated issues tend to vary by urban and rural areas, with differing risk factors, consequences, and resources.
  • 396
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Brucella melitensis Vaccines
Brucella melitensis is recognized as one of the predominant zoonotic pathogens globally. Live-attenuated vaccine Rev 1 is currently the most effective vaccine for controlling B. melitensis in small ruminants. While Brucella inactivated, nanoparticle, and subunit vaccines are less effective and require multiple doses, live-attenuated vaccines are less expensive and more efficacious. Several drawbacks are associated with the administration of current attenuated B. melitensis vaccines, including interference with serological diagnostic tests, inducing abortion in pregnant animals, shedding in milk, and zoonotic infections in humans. 
  • 396
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Application of Nanoparticles in Modern Cancer Therapies
Along with the extensive improvement in tumor biology research and different therapeutic developments, cancer remains a dominant and deadly disease. Tumor heterogeneity, systemic toxicities, and drug resistance are major hurdles in cancer therapy. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy, and surgical therapy are some prominent areas of cancer treatment. During chemotherapy for cancer, chemotherapeutic agents are distributed all over the body and also damage normal cells. With advancements in nanotechnology, nanoparticles utilized in all major areas of cancer therapy offer the probability to advance drug solubility, and stability, extend drug half-lives in plasma, reduce off-target effects, and quintessence drugs at a target site. 
  • 394
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Climate Change and Child Health Inequality
Geographical location, socioeconomic resources and intergenerational differences were explored as dimensions of inequality with regard to the increased risk of adverse health outcomes among children resulting from climate change. Definitions and descriptions of climate change and of child health in the reviews were explored as secondary themes.
  • 393
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Health in Chile’s Constitutional Process
Chile is a high-income country in Latin America that faces great socioeconomic inequality and a segmented–public and private–health system. In response to the serious political crisis which took place in 2019, Chile’s political parties came together to deliberate on an institutional solution, attending to the social demands of fairness around several issues, such as pensions, health, and education. The result was the elaboration of the “Agreement for Social Peace and the New Constitution’’. In the process towards elaborating a draft for a new constitution, different mechanisms of civil participation were enabled, including the Popular Initiatives for Norms, an online website where individuals or collectives could submit proposals to be considered.
  • 393
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Educate the Public about Dental Trauma
Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) of hard and soft tissues within and around the oral cavity are relatively common and occur as a result of accidents during sports or leisure activities, falls, blows by objects, interpersonal violence, and motor vehicle accidents. Appropriate actions taken immediately after a trauma have a great impact on prognosis and treatment options. Effective and efficient information about dental trauma seems to be essential and many tools can be used to educate layperson about TDI. 
  • 389
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Important Weapons against AMR in Sub Saharan Africa
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top 10 global health threats facing humanity, and the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is among the heavily affected regions due to its weak health systems and limited resources. Due to an escalating number of AMR pathogens and the scarcity of new antimicrobials, efforts in the prevention of infections and the search for alternative treatment options are ongoing. The highlighted weapons against AMR include vaccines, education and awareness, infection prevention and control (IPC) using water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), alternative treatment options, the One Health (OH) approach, AMR surveillance, operational national action plans (NAPs) on AMR, antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs, and good governance and regulations. Despite not being used at a satisfactory level in SSA, advanced techniques in dealing with AMR in SSA include (i) metagenomics, (ii) whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in AMR surveillance to track resistance trends and know when to intervene, and (iii) use of artificial intelligence in AMR prediction based on genomics data. 
  • 387
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Highly Occupied Public Environments
A minimum of 30 m3/h per person is required in common environments. Highly occupied public environments gather a large number of people in some time periods, and an air supply of 20–30 m3/h per person is needed. In addition, the highly occupied public environments have larger spaces, the personnel activities are more complex, and the social distance is shorter. Personnel activities may increase the pollutant transmission distance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, public safety in crowded places became a great concern.
  • 385
  • 14 Jul 2023
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