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Topic Review
BKCa Channel Function in Cellular Membranes
Alterations in the activity of BKCa channels, responsible for the generation of the overall magnitude of Ca2+-activated K+ current at the whole-cell level, occur through allosteric mechanisms. The collaborative interplay between membrane depolarization and heightened intracellular Ca2+ ion concentrations collectively contribute to the activation of BKCa channels.
  • 307
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Effect of Resveratrol on Distinct Skeletal Muscle Components
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol utilized in Chinese traditional medicine and thought to be one of the determinants of the “French Paradox”. Some groups evidenced its properties as a calorie-restriction mimetic, suggesting that its action passes through the modulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. Accordingly, the number of studies reporting the beneficial effects of resveratrol on skeletal muscle form and function, in both experimental models and humans, is steadily increasing.
  • 303
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Lipoxidation End-Product Malondialdehyde-Lysine in Aging and Longevity
The nonenzymatic adduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) to the protein amino groups leads to the formation of malondialdehyde-lysine (MDALys). The degree of unsaturation of biological membranes and the intracellular oxidative conditions are the main factors that modulate MDALys formation. The low concentration of this modification in the different cellular components, found in a wide diversity of tissues and animal species, is indicative of the presence of a complex network of cellular protection mechanisms that avoid its cytotoxic effects. 
  • 302
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
SLC9C1 (NHE10/sNHE) in Male Fertility
The SLC9C1 gene encodes the NHE10 protein (also known as sNHE). This protein has been shown to be essential for male fertility in both mice and humans and therefore there has been much interest in studying this protein. What is known about NHE10 and its role in male fertility is highlighted.
  • 297
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
SITE for the Management of Neurological Disorders
Sub-scalp Implantable Telemetric EEG (SITE) devices are under development for the treatment of epilepsy. However, beyond epilepsy, continuous EEG analysis could revolutionize the management of patients suffering from all types of brain disorders.
  • 294
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Venous Minus Arterial Carbon Dioxide Gradients in Monitoring
According to Fick’s principle, the total uptake of (or release of) a substance by tissues is the product of blood flow and the difference between the arterial and the venous concentration of the substance. Therefore, the mixed or central venous minus arterial CO2 content difference depends on cardiac output (CO). Assuming a linear relationship between CO2 content and partial pressure, central or mixed venous minus arterial PCO2 differences (Pcv-aCO2 and Pmv-aCO2) are directly related to CO. Nevertheless, this relationship is affected by alterations in the CO2Hb dissociation curve induced by metabolic acidosis, hemodilution, the Haldane effect, and changes in CO2 production (VCO2). In addition, Pcv-aCO2 and Pmv-aCO2 are not interchangeable. Despite these confounders, CO is a main determinant of Pcv-aCO2. Since in a study performed in septic shock patients, Pmv-aCO2 was correlated with changes in sublingual microcirculation but not with those in CO, it has been proposed as a monitor for microcirculation. The respiratory quotient (RQ)—RQ = VCO2/O2 consumption—sharply increases in anaerobic situations induced by exercise or critical reductions in O2 transport. This results from anaerobic VCO2 secondary to bicarbonate buffering of anaerobically generated protons. The measurement of RQ requires expired gas analysis by a metabolic cart, which is not usually available. Thus, some studies have suggested that the ratio of Pcv-aCO2 to arterial minus central venous O2 content (Pcv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2) might be a surrogate for RQ and tissue oxygenation. 
  • 290
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Impairment Is Involved in RGC Degeneration
Dysfunctional mitochondria are implicated in the development and progression of retinal pathologies and are directly involved in retinal neuronal degeneration. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are higher energy consumers susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunctions that ultimately cause RGC loss. Proper redox balance and mitochondrial homeostasis are essential for maintaining healthy retinal conditions and inducing neuroprotection.
  • 288
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Acetic Acid in Ethanol-Induced in Regulating Cardiovascular Function
Acetic acid is a bioactive short-chain fatty acid produced in large quantities from ethanol metabolism. How acetic acid/acetate generates oxidative stress, alters the function of pre-sympathetic neurons, and can potentially influence cardiovascular function in both humans and rodents after ethanol consumption are described. 
  • 283
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Regenerating Myofibers after an Acute Muscle Injury
Injury to skeletal muscle through trauma, physical activity, or disease initiates a process called muscle regeneration. When injured myofibers undergo necrosis, muscle regeneration gives rise to myofibers that have myonuclei in a central position, which contrasts the normal, peripheral position of myonuclei. Myofibers with central myonuclei are called regenerating myofibers and are the hallmark feature of muscle regeneration. An important and underappreciated aspect of muscle regeneration is the maturation of regenerating myofibers into a normal sized myofiber with peripheral myonuclei. Strikingly, very little is known about processes that govern regenerating myofiber maturation after muscle injury. 
  • 282
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Potential Benefits and Risks of Statins
HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, are the primary treatment choice for cardiovascular diseases, which stand as the leading global cause of mortality. Statins also offer various pleiotropic effects, including improved endothelial function, anti-inflammatory properties, reduced oxidative stress, anti-thrombotic effects, and the stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. However, the usage of statins can be accompanied by a range of adverse effects, such as the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, muscular symptoms, liver toxicity, kidney diseases, cataracts, hemorrhagic strokes, and psychiatric complications. These issues are referred to as statin-associated symptoms (SAS) and are relatively infrequent in clinical trials, making it challenging to attribute them to statin use definitively. Therefore, these symptoms can lead to significant problems, necessitating dose adjustments or discontinuation of statin therapy.
  • 280
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Oxygen Cascade from Atmosphere to Mitochondria
Hypoxia is a life-threatening challenge for about 1% of the world population and a contributor to high morbidity and mortality scores in patients affected by various cardiopulmonary, hematological, and circulatory diseases. In most cases, it is not hypoxia that generates diseases, but rather the attempts to adapt to the hypoxia condition. Thus, when adaptation to hypoxia becomes excessive, it translates into maladaptation. The oxygen cascade may represent a tool for understanding the genesis and the consequences of physiological and pathological hypoxia.
  • 279
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Macronutrients from Chlorella and Physical Exercise
Chlorella is a marine microalga rich in proteins and containing all the essential amino acids. Chlorella also contains fiber and other polysaccharides, as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid. The proportion of the different macronutrients in Chlorella can be modulated by altering the conditions in which it is cultured. Physical exercise represents a stressful activity for the body’s cells, tissues, and organs, which dysregulates whole-body homeostasis in a progressive and reversible way. However, as a consequence of its regular and systematic practice, different cellular signaling pathways become activated and generate systemic and local chronic adaptations.
  • 272
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Sexual Dimorphisms in Endothelial Cell Functions in PAD
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is caused by blocked arteries due to atherosclerosis and/or thrombosis which reduce blood flow to the lower limbs. It results in major morbidity, including ischemic limb, claudication, and amputation, with patients also suffering a heightened risk of heart attack, stroke, and death.
  • 271
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Turnover and Aging
Aerobic organisms use molecular oxygen in several reactions, including those in which the oxidation of substrate molecules is coupled to oxygen reduction to produce large amounts of metabolic energy. The utilization of oxygen is associated with the production of ROS, which can damage biological macromolecules but also act as signaling molecules, regulating numerous cellular processes. Mitochondria are the cellular sites where most of the metabolic energy is produced and perform numerous physiological functions by acting as regulatory hubs of cellular metabolism. 
  • 269
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Current Techniques in Drug Delivery across Blood–Brain Barrier
Non-invasive drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a significant advancement in treating neurological diseases. The BBB is a tightly packed layer of endothelial cells that shields the brain from harmful substances in the blood, allowing necessary nutrients to pass through. It is a highly selective barrier, which poses a challenge to delivering therapeutic agents into the brain. Several non-invasive procedures and devices have been developed or are currently being investigated to enhance drug delivery across the BBB.
  • 265
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lipidome Fingerprint of Longevity
Lipids were determinants in the appearance and evolution of life. Studies disclose the existence of a link between lipids and animal longevity. Findings from both comparative studies and genetics and nutritional interventions in invertebrates, vertebrates, and exceptionally long-lived animal species—humans included—demonstrate that both the cell membrane fatty acid profile and lipidome are a species-specific optimized evolutionary adaptation and traits associated with longevity. All these emerging observations point to lipids as a key target to study the molecular mechanisms underlying differences in longevity and suggest the existence of a lipidome profile of long life.
  • 262
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Glucagon and Its Receptors in the Mammalian Heart
Glucagon exerts effects on the mammalian heart. These effects include alterations in the force of contraction, beating rate, and changes in the cardiac conduction system axis. The cardiac effects of glucagon vary according to species, region, age, and concomitant disease. Depending on the species and region studied, the contractile effects of glucagon can be robust, modest, or even absent. Glucagon is detected in the mammalian heart and might act with an autocrine or paracrine effect on the cardiac glucagon receptors. The glucagon levels in the blood and glucagon receptor levels in the heart can change with disease or simultaneous drug application. 
  • 252
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Cells in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is an articulated psychiatric syndrome whose faded etiologic framework is characterized by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. It is notoriously explained by an intertwining of a positive and negative symptomatology, from Crow’s SCZ classification in type I (with a syndromic picture marked by a positive clinical condition) and type II (with a negative evolution of the clinical conditions), and subsequent debate, until the last Diagnostic Statistic Manual classification.
  • 252
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Theory of Addiction
Drug addiction is characterized by a loss of control over drug-seeking and -consumption, despite the profound negative consequences this has on the individual’s life [1]. While the acute effects of a substance depend on its psychoactive properties, the progression of addiction converges into a series of problems that are common and severely impact all spheres of the individual’s life, compromising interpersonal, economic, and health status. Thus, in chronic drug users it is common to present several physical problems including brain damage and atrophy, circulatory system issues, premature aging, among others. From a socio-economic perspective, common problems include homelessness, criminal behavior, unemployment, social isolation, and dependence.
  • 250
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Bio-Regulation
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals work to maintain homeostasis in the body, but their excessive production causes damage to the organism. The human body is composed of a variety of cells totaling over 60 trillion cells. Each cell performs different functions and has a unique lifespan. The lifespan of cells is preprogrammed in their genes, and the death of cells that have reached the end of their lifespan is called apoptosis. This is contrary to necrosis, which is the premature death of cells brought about by physical or scientific forces. Each species has its own unique lifespan, which in humans is estimated to be up to 120 years. Elucidating the mechanism of the death of a single cell will lead to a better understanding of human death, and, conversely, the death of a single cell will lead to exploring the mechanisms of life. In this sense, research on active oxygen and free radicals, which are implicated in biological disorders and homeostasis, requires an understanding of both the physicochemical as well as the biochemical aspects. Based on the discussion above, it is clear to see that active oxygen and free radicals have dual functions of both injuring and facilitating homeostasis in living organisms.
  • 250
  • 27 Mar 2024
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