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Topic Review
Serrated Pathway in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It includes different subtypes that differ in their clinical and prognostic features. In the past decade, in addition to the conventional adenoma-carcinoma model, an alternative multistep mechanism of carcinogenesis, namely the “serrated pathway”, has been described. Approximately, 15 to 30% of all CRCs arise from neoplastic serrated polyps, a heterogeneous group of lesions that are histologically classified into three morphologic categories: hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and the traditional serrated adenomas/polyps. Serrated polyps are characterized by genetic (BRAF or KRAS mutations) and epigenetic (CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)) alterations that cooperate to initiate and drive malignant transformation from normal colon mucosa to polyps, and then to CRC. The high heterogeneity of the serrated lesions renders their diagnostic and pathological interpretation difficult. 
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
L19-TNF
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is used as a pro-inflammatory payload to trigger haemorrhagic necrosis and boost anti-cancer immunity at the tumor site. There is  a depotentiated version of TNF (carrying the single point mutation I97A), which displayed reduced binding affinity to its cognate receptor tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR-1) and lower biocidal activity. 
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oral Bacteria and OSCC
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an invasive epithelial neoplasm that is influenced by various risk factors, with a low survival rate and an increasing death rate. In the past few years, with the verification of the close relationship between different types of cancers and the microbiome, research has focused on the compositional changes of oral bacteria and their role in OSCC. Generally, oral bacteria can participate in OSCC development by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis, influencing normal apoptosis, facilitating invasion and metastasis, and assisting cancer stem cells. The study findings on the association between oral bacteria and OSCC may provide new insight into methods for early diagnosis and treatment development. 
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Decellularized Colorectal Cancer Matrices as Bioactive Scaffolds
More than a physical structure providing support to tissues, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and dynamic network of macromolecules that modulates the behavior of both cancer cells and associated stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Over the last few years, several efforts have been made to develop new models that accurately mimic the interconnections within the TME and specifically the biomechanical and biomolecular complexity of the tumor ECM. Particularly in colorectal cancer, the ECM is highly remodeled and disorganized and constitutes a key component that affects cancer hallmarks, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Therefore, several scaffolds produced from natural and/or synthetic polymers and ceramics have been used in 3D biomimetic strategies for colorectal cancer research. Nevertheless, decellularized ECM from colorectal tumors is a unique model that offers the maintenance of native ECM architecture and molecular composition.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
ROS in the Tumor Microenvironment
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules in cancer. The level of ROS will determine physiological effects. While high levels of ROS can cause damage to tissues and cell death, low levels of ROS can have a proliferative effect. ROS are produced by tumor cells but also cellular components that make up the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells
Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2s) belong to the family of helper ILCs which provide host defense against infectious agents, participate in inflammatory responses and mediate lymphoid organogenesis and tissue repair, mainly at the skin and mucosal level. Based on their transcriptional, phenotypic and functional profile, ILC2s mirror the features of the adaptive CD4+ Th2 cell subset, both contributing to the so-called type 2 immune response. Similar to other ILCs, ILC2s are rapidly activated by signals deriving from tissue and/or other tissue-resident immune cells. The biologic activity of ILCs needs to be tightly regulated in order to prevent them from contributing to severe inflammation and damage in several organs. Indeed, ILC2s display both enhancing and regulatory roles in several pathophysiological conditions, including tumors.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Oncolytic Virotherapy
Some non-pathogenic viruses that do not cause serious illness in humans can efficiently target and kill cancer cells and may be considered candidates for cancer treatment with virotherapy. However, many cancer cells are protected from viruses. An important goal of personalized cancer treatment is to identify viruses that can kill a certain type of cancer cells. To this end, researchers investigate expression patterns of cell entry receptors, which viruses use to bind to and enter host cells.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Neutrophil
Neutrophils represent about 50–70% of all white blood cells in the human circulation and are widely recognized as the first line of defense in infectious disease. However, neutrophils also have a clear modulatory role in human diseases such as cancer, respiratory disease, and autoimmunity. Infections and/or any inflammatory signals trigger a rapid influx of neutrophils from the peripheral blood to the inflammatory site, where they can utilize a broad variety of effector functions to.  Neutrophils are well known phagocytic cells, engulfing microorganisms or in case of bigger targets, such as cancer cells, taking “bites” of the membrane in a process called ‘trogocytosis’. Moreover, neutrophils are armed with granules that are loaded with proteases and inflammatory mediators  that are released upon activation. In addition, during a so called ‘oxidative burst’ neutrophils release high levels of  reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can trigger cell death of the target cell. Finally, neutrophils can entrap foreign materials in so called ‘neutrophil extracellular traps’ (NETs), which are mainly composed of neutrophil DNA and Granular contents. The effector functions of neutrophils can be triggered by antibodies that activate  neutrophils by binding to Fc-receptors (FcRs), leading to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Although neutrophils are mainly involved in innate immunity, neutrophils contribute to adaptive immune responses. 
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
The Fra-1/AP-1 Oncoprotein
Among components of the AP-1 complex, the FOS-family transcription factor Fra-1, encoded by FOSL1, has emerged as a prominent therapeutic target. Fra-1 is overexpressed in most solid tumors, in response to the BRAF-MAPK, Wnt-beta-catenin, Hippo-YAP, IL-6-Stat3, and other major oncogenic pathways. In vitro functional analyses, validated in onco-mouse models and corroborated by prognostic correlations, show that Fra-1-containing dimers control tumor growth and disease progression. Fra-1 participates in key mechanisms of cancer cell invasion, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, and metastatic spreading, by driving the expression of EMT-inducing transcription factors, cytokines, and microRNAs.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Syndecans and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a fatal disease with poor prognosis because pa-tients rarely express symptoms in initial stages, which prevents early detection and diagnosis. Syndecans, a subfamily of proteoglycans, are involved in many physiological processes includ-ing cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Syndecans are physiologically found in many cell types and their interactions with other macromolecules enhance many pathways. In particu-lar, extracellular matrix components, growth factors, and integrins collect the majority of syndecans associations acting as biochemical, physical, and mechanical transducers. Syndecans are transmembrane glycoproteins, but occasionally their extracellular domain can be released from the cell surface by the action of matrix metalloproteinases, converting them into soluble molecules that are capable of binding distant molecules such as extracellular matrix (ECM) components, growth factor receptors, and integrins from other cells.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma
The World Health Organization (WHO) classified gastric cancer into tubular, papillary, mucinous, poorly cohesive (including Lauren diffuse type), and mixed variants. 
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Microfluidic Systems and Breast Cancer Metastasis
Microfluidic devices are useful tools in studying biological phenomena involving fluid flow, thin tissue culture, and cell mobility; each of these aspects make microfluidic techniques attractive for studying human breast cancer, which is the most commonly occurring cancer in women and the second most common cancer overall worldwide.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
5-ALA Metabolic Pathway
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a natural amino acid and a precursor of heme and chlorophyll. Exogenously administered 5-ALA is metabolized into protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). PpIX accumulates in cancer cells because of the low activity of ferrochelatase, an enzyme that metabolizes PpIX to heme. High expression of 5-ALA influx transporters, such as peptide transporters 1/2, in cancer cells also enhances PpIX production. Because PpIX radiates red fluorescence when excited with blue/violet light, 5-ALA has been used for the visualization of various tumors. 
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D arrests cell cycling
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone crucial for bone mineral metabolism. In addition, vitamin D has pleiotropic actions in the body, including anti-cancer actions. These anti-cancer properties observed within in vitro studies frequently report the reduction of cell proliferation by direct alteration of cell cycle regulators which induce cell cycle arrest. The most recurrent reported mode of cell cycle arrest by vitamin D is at the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. This arrest is mediated by p21 and p27 upregulation, which results in suppression of cyclin D and E activity which leads to G1/G0 arrest. In addition, vitamin D treatments within in vitro cell lines have observed a reduced C-MYC expression and increased retinoblastoma protein levels that also result in G1/G0 arrest.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Inhibitors Targeting the 80S ribosome
Protein biosynthesis is a vital process for all kingdoms of life. The ribosome is the massive ribonucleoprotein machinery that reads the genetic code, in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA), to produce proteins. The mechanism of translation is tightly regulated to ensure that cell growth is well sustained. In bacteria, the ribosome is a major target of inhibitors, as demonstrated by the high number of small molecules identified to bind to it. In eukaryotes, the design of ribosome inhibitors may be used as a therapy to treat cancer cells, which exhibit higher proliferation rates compared to healthy ones. 
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Superficial Spindle Cell Mesenchymal Tumors
Superficial spindle cell mesenchymal tumors form a diverse group of lesions with benign and malignant entities that are often very similar clinically and/or histologically. In children, the patient’s age; the lesion site; the presentation as a mass, nodule, or plaque; and the location in the dermis or subcutis are important features that will guide the dermatologist and the pathologist.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Microfluidic Device in Anti-Cancer Drug Screening
Having its root lying in microelectronics, microfluidics seems to hold great potential to explore people's limited knowledge in the field of oncology. It offers numerous advantages such as a low sample volume, minimal cost, parallelization, and portability and has been advanced in the field of molecular biology and chemical synthesis. The platform has been proved to be valuable in cancer research, especially for diagnostics and prognosis purposes and has been successfully employed in recent years. Organ-on-a-chip, a biomimetic microfluidic platform, simulating the complexity of a human organ, has emerged as a breakthrough in cancer research as it provides a dynamic platform to simulate tumor growth and progression in a chip.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetics and pancreatic cancer progression
Due to the lack of diagnostic biomarkers and high resistance to treatment, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the most lethal solid tumors with poor survival. Moreover, the metastatic potential of PDAC is extremely high and tumors spread mainly through lymphatic and blood vessels. Although genetic modifications are well defined in PDAC, the role of epigenetics regulations, which secure dynamic response to environmental stimuli, has only recently been recognized. Epigenomic studies revealed that epigenetic changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes were associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which is responsible for the invasive phenotype of cancer cells and therefore, their metastatic potential. 
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Spermine in Prostate Cancer
Spermine, a member of polyamines, exists in all organisms and is essential for normal cell growth and function. It is highly expressed in the prostate compared with other organs and is detectable in urine, tissue, expressed prostatic secretions, and erythrocyte. A significant reduction of spermine level was observed in prostate cancer (PCa) tissue compared with benign prostate tissue, and the level of urinary spermine was also significantly lower in men with PCa. Decreased spermine level may be used as an indicator of malignant phenotype transformation from normal to malignant tissue in prostate.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Electric Fields for Cancers Treatment
The biological impact of exogenous, alternating electric fields (AEFs) and direct-current electric fields has a long history of study, ranging from effects on embryonic development to influences on wound healing. Tumor treating fields (TTFields) is a form of alternating electric fields (AEF) therapy that is delivered to the tumor via electrodes placed on the skin.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Jun 2021
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