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Topic Review
Innate Lymphoid Cells in Pancreatic Disease
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) represent a heterogeneous population of non-B/non-T lymphocytes whose discovery has greatly expanded researchers understanding over the past 10 years. ILCs are defined mainly by three unique features: (1) their lymphoid morphology; (2) their lack of genetically rearranged antigen receptors; and (3) their deficiency of cell-surface markers expressed in other immune cell types, such as myeloid cells and dendritic cells. In recent years, emerging evidence has identified the existence of ILCs in the pancreas, and all ILC subsets have been identified. ILCs resident in the pancreas, as well as in other tissues, may play an important role in the occurrence and progression of pancreatic diseases and will therefore be expected to be applied in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Adaptive Natural Killer Cells
Natural killer (NK) cells play a significant and vital role in the first line of defense against infection through their ability to target cells without prior sensitization. They also contribute significantly to the activation and recruitment of both innate and adaptive immune cells through the production of a range of cytokines and chemokines. In the context of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, NK cells and CMV have co-evolved side by side to employ several mechanisms to evade one another. However, during this co-evolution the discovery of a subset of long-lived NK cells with enhanced effector potential, increased antibody-dependent responses and the potential to mediate immune memory has revolutionized the field of NK cell biology. The ability of a virus to imprint on the NK cell receptor repertoire resulting in the expansion of diverse, highly functional NK cells to this day remains a significant immunological phenomenon that only occurs in the context of CMV. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jan 2021
Topic Review
NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Drosophila are a well-suited model to unravel the fundamental mechanisms that constitute the innate immune response. NF-κB was originally identified as a DNA-binding activity protein in activated B cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Dendritic Cells in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy that manifests in serial stages and has been observed to have an escalating incidence in modern societies, causing a significant global health problem. The development of CRC is influenced by various exogenous factors, including lifestyle, diet, nutrition, environment, and microbiota, that can affect host cells, including immune cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Richter Syndrome
Richter syndrome (RS) represents the occurrence of an aggressive lymphoma, most commonly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Intestinal Homeostasis under Stress Siege
Intestinal homeostasis encompasses a complex and balanced interplay among a wide array of components that collaborate to maintain gut barrier integrity. The appropriate function of the gut barrier requires the mucus layer, a sticky cushion of mucopolysaccharides that overlays the epithelial cell surface. Mucus plays a critical anti-inflammatory role by preventing direct contact between luminal microbiota and the surface of the epithelial cell monolayer. Moreover, mucus is enriched with pivotal effectors of intestinal immunity, such as immunoglobulin A (IgA). A fragile and delicate equilibrium that supports proper barrier function can be disturbed by stress. The impact of stress upon intestinal homeostasis results from neuroendocrine mediators of the brain-gut axis (BGA), which comprises a nervous branch that includes the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, as well as an endocrine branch of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Exosomes for Regulation of Immune Responses and Immunotherapy
Exosomes are membrane-enveloped nanosized (30–150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin produced by almost all cell types and encompass a multitude of functioning biomolecules. Exosomes have been considered crucial players of cell-to-cell communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes can modulate the immune system by delivering a plethora of signals that can either stimulate or suppress immune responses, which have potential applications as immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Immunology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
Immune responses following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children are still under investigation. Even though coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is usually mild in the pediatric population, some children exhibit severe clinical manifestations, require hospitalization, or develop the most severe condition: a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The activated innate, humoral and T-cell-mediated immunological pathways that lead certain pediatric populations to present with MIS-C or remain asymptomatic after SARS-CoV-2 infection are yet to be established. This entry focuses on the immunological aspects of MIS-C with respect to innate, humoral, and cellular immunity. In addition, presents the role of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein as a superantigen in the pathophysiological mechanisms, discusses the great heterogeneity among the immunological studies in the pediatric population, and highlights possible reasons why some children with a certain genetic background present with MIS-C.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Peptide-Based Vaccines for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is the main type of cancer in women and the second most frequent cancer worldwide. The conventional treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and immunotherapy. This immunotherapy is based on administering monoclonal therapeutic antibodies (passive) or vaccines (active) with therapeutic purposes. Tumor antigens are classified as tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-specific antigens (TSA). New TAAs were proposed for the formulation of peptide-based vaccines, including MUC-1 (mucin-1), FRα (folate receptor alpha), members of the MAGE A family (melanoma-associated antigen), and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor).
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Engineered Polymer Nanoparticle
Engineering polymeric nanoparticles for their shape, size, surface chemistry, and functionalization using various targeting molecules has shown improved biomedical applications for nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles have created tremendous therapeutic platforms, particularly applications related to chemo- and immunotherapies in cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Complement–Sphingolipid System in COVID-19 and Gaucher Diseases
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced disease (COVID-19) and Gaucher disease (GD) exhibit upregulation of complement 5a (C5a) and its C5aR1 receptor, and excess synthesis of glycosphingolipids that lead to increased infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in massive generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. This C5a–C5aR1–glycosphingolipid pathway- induced pro-inflammatory environment causes the tissue damage in COVID-19 and GD. Strikingly, pharmaceutically targeting the C5a–C5aR1 axis or the glycosphingolipid synthesis pathway led to a reduction in glycosphingolipid synthesis and innate and adaptive immune inflammation, and protection from the tissue destruction in both COVID-19 and GD. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Linear IgA Disease
Linear IgA disease (LAD) is an autoimmune mucocutaneous disease characterized by linear deposits of IgA at the basement membrane zone on immunopathology. It is also known as linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD), but LAD is preferred because it is inclusive of patients without bullous lesions. In the pediatric population, it is known as chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC).
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Two-Faced Role of TANs in Tumor Progression
Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) may differentiate into different patterns under the stimulation of different factors, and they play a dual role in the occurrence and progression of tumors in direct or indirect ways.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) , comprising a variety of nano-scale vesicles ranging from 50 to 1000 nm in size, are released from all types of cells carrying a variety of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in a more protective manner than un-enveloped circulating biomolecules such as antibodies and cytokines from cellular DNases, RNases, proteases, and other degrading materials, due to the presence of the lipid bilayer membrane. EVs contribute to the dissemination and persistence of genetic material and proteins of SARS-CoV-2 due to the similarity in the entrance, budding, and mechanisms of biogenesis during infection. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in Primary Immunodeficiencies
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of disorders that are mostly caused by genetic mutations affecting immune host defense and immune regulation. Although IEI present with a wide spectrum of clinical features, in about one third of them various degrees of gastrointestinal (GI) involvement have been described and for some IEI the GI manifestations represent the main and peculiar clinical feature. The microbiome plays critical roles in the education and function of the host’s innate and adaptive immune system, and imbalances in microbiota-immunity interactions can contribute to intestinal pathogenesis. Microbial dysbiosis combined to the impairment of immunosurveillance and immune dysfunction in IEI, may favor mucosal permeability and lead to inflammation. Here we review how immune homeostasis between commensals and the host is established in the gut, and how these mechanisms can be disrupted in the context of primary immunodeficiencies. Additionally, we highlight key aspects of the first studies on gut microbiome in patients affected by IEI and discuss how gut microbiome could be harnessed as a therapeutic approach in these diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Neuropeptide Y and Peptide YY
A description of immunomodulatory properties of neuropeptides NPY and PYY on macrophages in the context of cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators Biomarkers
The application of precision medicine paradigm in the daily treatment of patients has been greatly hampered by the lack of robust biomarkers. Lipid mediators are central in the regulation of host immune responses during both the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Amongst lipid mediators, the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) govern immune cells to promote the resolution of inflammation. These autacoids are produced via the stereoselective conversion of essential fatty acids to yield molecules that are dynamically regulated during inflammation and exert potent immunoregulatory activities. Furthermore, there is an increasing appreciation for the role that these mediators play in conveying the biological actions of several anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Identification and quantitation of these mediators has traditionally been achieved using hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques, primarily liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. 
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis during Periodontitis Pathogenesis
Periodontitis is a non-communicable chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive and irreversible breakdown of the soft periodontal tissues and resorption of teeth-supporting alveolar bone. The etiology of periodontitis involves dysbiotic shifts in the diversity of microbial communities inhabiting the subgingival crevice, which is dominated by anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. Indeed, P. gingivalis is a keystone pathogen with a repertoire of attributes that allow it to colonize periodontal tissues and influence the metabolism, growth rate, and virulence of other periodontal bacteria. The pathogenic potential of P. gingivalis has been traditionally analyzed using classical biochemical and molecular approaches.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Dendritic Cells and Allergic Asthma
Here we describe the pathophysiology of type II allergic asthma and the role that dendritic cells (DCs) play in the instruction of allergen specific, T-cell mediated immune responses. Moreover, we provide an overview of our current understanding pertinent to DCs that acquire tolerogenic properties and thus represent essential regulators of aberrant Th2 asthmatic responses.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Yeast β-Glucan with Immune-Modulatory Properties
β-glucans are a large class of complex polysaccharides with bioactive properties, including immune modulation. Natural sources of these compounds include yeast, oats, barley, mushrooms, and algae. Yeast is abundant in various processes, including fermentation, and they are often discarded as waste products. The production of biomolecules from waste resources is a growing trend worldwide with novel waste resources being constantly identified. Yeast-derived β-glucans may assist the host’s defence against infections by influencing neutrophil and macrophage inflammatory and antibacterial activities. β-glucans were long regarded as an essential anti-cancer therapy and were licensed in Japan as immune-adjuvant therapy for cancer in 1980 and new mechanisms of action of these molecules are constantly emerging.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jun 2022
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