Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Tsvetelina Veselinova Velikova
 -- 2324 2022-12-24 21:54:47 |
2 layout
Camila Xu
 + 1 word(s) 2325 2022-12-26 01:50:59 | |
3 layout
Camila Xu
 Meta information modification 2325 2022-12-26 01:51:32 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Peshevska-Sekulovska, M.;  Bakalova, P.;  Snegarova, V.;  Lazova, S.;  Velikova, T. Autoimmune Gut Diseases and COVID-19 Vaccines. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/39187 (accessed on 27 December 2024).
Peshevska-Sekulovska M,  Bakalova P,  Snegarova V,  Lazova S,  Velikova T. Autoimmune Gut Diseases and COVID-19 Vaccines. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/39187. Accessed December 27, 2024.
Peshevska-Sekulovska, Monika, Plamena Bakalova, Violeta Snegarova, Snezhina Lazova, Tsvetelina Velikova. "Autoimmune Gut Diseases and COVID-19 Vaccines" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/39187 (accessed December 27, 2024).
Peshevska-Sekulovska, M.,  Bakalova, P.,  Snegarova, V.,  Lazova, S., & Velikova, T. (2022, December 24). Autoimmune Gut Diseases and COVID-19 Vaccines. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/39187
Peshevska-Sekulovska, Monika, et al. "Autoimmune Gut Diseases and COVID-19 Vaccines." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 December, 2022.
Autoimmune Gut Diseases and COVID-19 Vaccines
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/vaccines10122075

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic raised many challenges for all patients with chronic conditions and those with autoimmune diseases, both adults and children. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by hyperreactivity of the immune system and loss of immune tolerance, which damage and destroy healthy tissues, cells, and organs.

autoimmune gut disease autoimmune liver disease COVID-19 vaccine

1. Introduction

The culpable agent for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. It causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a large number of individuals with severe pulmonary injury [2]. However, the pandemic has raised significant concerns about managing immunocompromised patients. Recent research reveals that these patients have more severe disease courses due to their underlying changed immunological status and immunosuppressive medicines [3]. Furthermore, Kim et al. reported a 40% additional risk for in-hospital mortality and 30% for intensive care unit (ICU) admission among these patients [4].
In response to the high mortality rate and casualties of the COVID-19 pandemic globally, pharmaceutical companies have produced effective vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, immunization against SARS-CoV-2 is considered the most suitable tool in the hands of physicians. Several vaccine candidates and tactics were developed shortly after the onset of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic [5]. However, they were not fully successful in managing or controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. The spread of COVID-19 is mostly influenced by the appearance of novel viral variants brought on by the acquisition of genetic alterations in SARS-CoV-2 in various regions of the world and subsequent rapid transmission across the continents [5].
Additionally, depending on the population and variations, the efficacy of the approved vaccinations against the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutations varied. This highlights the need for a broad-spectrum vaccine that could elicit a more effective immune response toward all new variants [6].
Different types of COVID-19 vaccines have been developed, including live-attenuated vaccines, protein-based vaccines, and gene vaccines (mRNA, vector-based, and VLPs) [5][6]. Nevertheless, the hastened course of vaccine development raises several concerns, especially in particular groups of patients, such as those with an altered immune system. Moreover, many individuals with immune-mediated chronic diseases, including autoimmune liver and gut diseases, have been excluded from vaccine clinical trials [7]. This resulted in an evidence gap for the long-term safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with autoimmune diseases.
Some of the theoretical concerns are related to the complex pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including liver and gut conditions, immunosuppressive therapy, and the cumulative risk of flare [8]. Researchers rely on real-world data from vaccination after vaccine approval for these patients.
Nevertheless, autoimmune disease patients still experience high levels of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Some concerns are stopping immunosuppression before vaccination and minimizing the risk of relapse and adverse effects. The COVID-19 Vaccination in Autoimmune Diseases (COVAD) study, a long-term ongoing global self-reported study that includes patients with autoimmune disease, collected data on short and long-term adverse effects and disease flares in patients following COVID-19 vaccines [9][10].
A questionnaire-based study among Chinese people with IBD also showed COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy, mostly related to the history of immune-modifying therapies, potential adverse reactions, and effectiveness [11].

2. Autoimmune Gut Diseases and COVID-19 Vaccines

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by hyperreactivity of the immune system and loss of immune tolerance, which damage and destroy healthy tissues, cells, and organs [12].
Patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially those who have undergone biological or immunosuppressive therapy, are a subject of interest due to the risk factors that arise from the illness regarding COVID-19 morbidity [13]. Currently, risk factors associated with a higher risk of infection due to IBD morbidity are nutrition status, age, comorbidity, and pharmacotherapy. The most enduring hypothesis is that malnutrition and food deficiency lead to a compromised immune response. Food deficiency relates to decreased phagocyte function and abnormal cell-mediated immunity [13]. Additionally, patients suffering from IBD often have vitamin D deficiency, increasing the severity of COVID-19 infection [14]. Going further down the road, researchers reviewed the role of vitamin D in deficient patients not only for COVID-19 severity but as a potential adjuvant for COVID-19 vaccination, as seen for other vaccines [15].
Many previously described studies underline that treating IBD patients with immunomodulators (TNF-antagonists, non-TNF targeted biologics), immunosuppressive therapy, or corticosteroids can increase the risk of infections, or the complications associated with various infections [16]. On the other hand, managing the activity of IBD is also of paramount importance because it plays a risk factor for infections or associated complications. That is why IBD treatment should be as optimal as possible and the treatment course uninterrupted [17][18].
Up to now, there are some clinical studies that involve patients with autoimmune gut diseases and assess the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. Thus, researchers conducted a literature research and summarize their findings in Table 1.
Table 1. Summarized COVID-19 vaccine studies on safety profile, efficacy, and adverse effects rate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Type of
Vaccine		 Type of Study Subjects Data on Efficacy
(% Protection, Other)		 Data on Safety (Main Side Effects) Reference
mRNA Prospective study design All patients included n = 246 (67% Crohn’s disease, 33% ulcerative colitis) N/A After the first dose (injection site reactions in 38%; fatigue/malaise 23%, headaches 14%, fever/chills 5%);
After the second dose (injection site reaction 56%; fatigue, malaise 45%, headaches 34%, fever/chills 29%)		 Botwin et al. [19]
mRNA, adenoviral A prospective, observational cohort study All patients included n = 3316 with IBD (n = 1908, Pfizer/BioNTech; n = 1272 Moderna, n = 161, Janssen) N/A No severe systemic reactions require emergency room visits.
After the first dose: adverse reaction injection site (66%); fever (6%), fatigue (46%), headaches (32%), muscle aches (20%);
After the second dose: adverse reaction injection site (65%); fever (25%), fatigue (46%), headaches (32%), muscle aches (12%);
Low flare rate (2%)		 Weaver et al. [20]
mRNA Self-reported study 84 IBD patients (23-with Crohn’s disease, 25 with ulcerative colitis) on anti-TNF therapy Biologic therapy associated with lower anti-RBD antibodies N/A Wong et ICARUS-IBD Working Group [21]
mRNA Multicenter, UK prospective, case-control study 352 IBD patients on immunosuppressive therapy (thiopurine, infliximab, ustekinumab, vedolizumab, tofacitinib) and 72 healthy controls No significant differences in anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD antibody concentrations between the healthy control group and patients treated with thiopurine, ustekinumab, or vedolizumab, lower anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD antibody concentrations independently associated with infliximab, tofacitinib, and thiopurine, but not with ustekinumab or vedolizumab (0.84 [0.54–1.30]; p = 0.43) N/A Alexander et al. [22]
mRNA Multicenter Israeli population-based cohort study 12,109 IBD patients, 4946 non-IBD controls, 707 unvaccinated IBD patients 99.7% protection; patients on TNF inhibitors and/or corticosteroids did not have a higher incidence of infection; risk of exacerbation was 29% in vaccinated vs. 26% in unvaccinated IBD (p = 0.3) N/A Lev-Tzion et al. [23]
mRNA and adenoviral Prospective, CLARITY IBD multicenter cohort study 1293 vaccinated IBD patients anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations reduced in patients treated with infliximab than vedolizumab N/A Kennedy et al. [24]
mRNA Retrospective 7321 vaccinated IBD, 7376 unvaccinated IBD patients Full vaccination associated with 69% reduced risk for COVID-19 and 80.4% effectiveness N/A Khan and Mahmud [25]
mRNA Retrospective 5562 vaccinated IBD, 859,017 vaccinated non-IBD patients N/A 2.2% adverse events in IBD patients on biologics/immunomodulatory therapy vs. 1.67 without such treatment; special adverse events Hadi et al. [26]
mRNA Retrospective cohort 12,231 vaccinated IBD, 36,254 vaccinated non-IBD patients 0.19% breakthrough infections after the second dose (7 days) and 0.14% (14 days) N/A Ben-Tov et al. [27]
mRNA, adenovirus vector Prospective 33 vaccinated IBD—children and young adults 15 times higher levels of IgG antibodies compared to natural infection, all participants developed neutralizing antibodies For mRNA vaccine—sore arm, chills, fever, etc.; vector vaccine—the same; no one has contracted COVID-19 2–6 months following vaccination Dailey et al. [28]
mRNA Prospective single-center 317 vaccinated IBD patients Detectable antibodies in 300/317 IBD patients; 85% in patients on corticosteroids N/A Kappelman et al. [29]
mRNA Prospective, multicenter 84 patients with immune-mediated disease, 8 vaccinated IBD patients 90.5% of all patients with immune-mediated diseases develop IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Less frequent mild adverse effects (injection site pain, headache, chills, arthralgia) Simon et al. [30]
mRNA Prospective, multicenter 133 patients with chronic inflammatory disease, 42 vaccinated IBD patients N/A Incidence rate of overall adverse events—0.55; local—0.64; mainly fatigue, headache, myalgia, fever and chills; severe adverse reactions incidence rate 0.02, requiring hospitalization—0.00 and IBD flares—0.01 James et al. [31]
mRNA, adenovirus vector Prospective, multicenter 353 vaccinated IBD patients Higher quantitative log10 antispike IgG after mRNA vs. adenovirus N/A Pozdnyakova et al. [32]
mRNA International web-based survey 3272 IBD patients N/A 72.4% local symptoms, 51.4% systemic symptoms Ellul et al. [33]
mRNA Cohort study 122 IBD patients and 60 controls, on immunomodulating therapy 97% of IBD patients developed antibodies, lower in patients than in controls, higher after Moderna vs. Pfizer; lower when on immunosuppressive therapy; OR = 0.97 significant side effects associations after full vaccination Caldera et al. [34]
mRNA, adenovirus vector Prospective single-tertiary study 602 IBD patients on immunosuppressive therapy Lower Ig concentrations in patients on treatment; 97.8% seropositivity in IBD patients N/A Cerna et al. [35]
mRNA, adenovirus vector Retrospective observational 72 IBD patients; 100% antibody response in patients group; reduced antibody levels in IBD vs. controls, no differences between vaccines; all IBD patients developed an immune response Local and systemic mild reactions Classen et al. [36]
mRNA Prospective controlled 185 IBD patients, 73 healthy controls 100% response following vaccination, lower in older and on anti-TNF therapy Local pain, headache Edelman-Klapper et al. [37]
mRNA, adenovirus vector Cohort/ real-life survey: telephone questionnaire 239 IBD patients on biologics N/A High acceptance rate and mild and transitory adverse reaction Garrido et al. [38]
mRNA Prospective study 19 IBD patients on biologics 95% immune response rate N/A Levine et al. [39]
mRNA Prospective study 19 patients on biologics 21.13-fold increase of total IgG antibodies after 1st dose, and 90-fold after second dose; % virus neutralizing antibodies was lower in IBD patients N/A Rodriguez-Martino et al. [40]
mRNA, adenovirus vector Prospective study 126 IBD patients on biologics 74.5–81.2% immune response in patients on anti-TNF vs. 92.8–100% on vedolizumab and ustekinumab, resp.; fewer virus-neutralizing antibody titers in patients treated with anti-TNF N/A Shehab et al. [41]
One of the first that reported on the COVID-19 vaccine and patients with autoimmune gut disease was Botwin et al. They discovered that only 3% had severe adverse events (that affect daily activity), mainly presented by malaise [19]. Three patients needed hospitalization (one of them for gastrointestinal complaints). Studies demonstrated that despite common adverse effects in the general population after COVID-19 vaccination, most of which are mild and local site reactions, there is a noticeable percentage, especially in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases [18][20][42]. The latter group mainly complained of localized pain (70.2%), fatigue (34.7%), headache (30.6%), and muscle ache (29.3%), with no serious adverse effects. Similar side effects were observed in IBD patients (Table 1).
Additionally, it was confirmed that IBD patients on advanced therapy with biological agents showed lesser adverse effects than non-IBD patients using other treatment strategies. No data exist comparing IBD patients with other patients with autoimmune diseases, i.e., rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. Regarding the general population, the side effects are comparable [19].
However, they also exerted decreased antibody production while on infliximab and vedolizumab [21][24]. Thus, Botwin et al.’s findings are helpful for physicians and patients by confirming the similar safety profile for mRNA vaccines for IBD patients [19]. Furthermore, the authors observed a difference in adverse reactions following the first and second doses. Higher rates of adverse reactions were found after the second dose [18][19]. However, patients who recovered from COVID-19 had more reactions than patients with no previous antispike response after the first dose but not the second one. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to confirm this observation.
Lev-Tzion et al. confirmed that the incidence rate of disease exacerbation after COVID-19 vaccination is comparable to unvaccinated IBD patients. Moreover, immunosuppressive treatment did not influence the effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162 b2 vaccine [23].
Additionally, patients on immunosuppression may have reduced immune response (i.e., anti-TNFa but not azathioprine; for corticosteroids—depending on the dose) [43]. Furthermore, the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation’s statement supports the COVID-19 vaccine in IBD patients without measuring antibody levels [44][45].
Other ongoing studies on the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 in IBD patients are CORALE-Vaccine IBD (https://www.corale-study.org/ibd, accessed on 30 November 2022) and PREVENT COVID (with children, https://www.ibdpartners.org/preventcovid, accessed on 30 November 2022).
Thus, the Center for Disease Control and the American College of Obstetricians and gynecologists recommend COVID-19 vaccination in female IBD patients planning pregnancy and currently pregnant or lactating women [44]. However, solid organ transplantation patients may not receive sufficient protection after vaccination.
D’Amico et al. suggested more pros than cons for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in IBD patients. However, despite insufficient data, it can be extrapolated information from data reported in patients with other autoimmune diseases [46]. This is why the American College of Rheumatology recommends COVID-19 vaccines for patients with autoimmune inflammatory diseases based on the previously available data for other vaccines [47].
The recently published systemic review and meta-analysis by Sung et al. focused on efficacy, seroconversion rate (antibody titer against SARS-CoV-2 S protein), and the adverse effects in 27,454 IBD patients from 11 studies. As expected from the data from other studies, COVID-19 incidence was comparable in IBD and non-IBD patients and 8.63 times lower than observed in unvaccinated IBD patients. However, the reported adverse event rate after vaccination was 69%, the severe adverse rate was 3%, and mortality was 0% [48].
Doherty et al. published similar results in their paper—reduced immune responses after vaccination in IBD patients on anti-TNF therapy and other immunomodulators. However, the overall conclusion is that patients with IBD still benefit from COVID-19 vaccination, and recommendations included minimizing corticosteroid doses before vaccination if possible [49].
Jena et al. in their systematic review and meta-analysis on effectiveness and durability of COVID-19 vaccination in IBD patients confirmed the lower pooled seroconversion rate. However, the pooled relative risk of infection breakthrough was similar to control subjects [50]. Tabesh et al. also conducted a systematic scoping review of 15 studies, concluding that COVID-19 vaccines are effective and safe for patients with IBD on different therapeutic regimens [51].
One of the most significant limitations of the published studies so far is that they cover effectiveness or adverse effects solely, but rarely both. Additionally, adapted immunization techniques may be appropriate in some IBD patients to maximize immunogenicity, according to prior experience [52][53].
Still, the main concerns for patients with IBD remain a lack of immune protection after vaccination (17.6% of respondents), worsened adverse effects (24.6%) due to IBD, and flare following vaccination (21.1%), according to an international web-based survey [33].
Duong et al. also reported that 2/3 of surveyed IBD patients were willing to get vaccinated against COVID-19 [54], which was also reported by Hudhud et al. [55].

References

  1. Tepasse, P.R.; Vollenberg, R.; Nowacki, T.M. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Where Do We Stand? Life 2021, 11, 1220.
  2. Cummings, M.J.; Baldwin, M.R.; Abrams, D.; Jacobson, S.D.; Meyer, B.J.; Balough, E.M.; Aaron, J.G.; Claassen, J.; Rabbani, L.E.; Hastie, J.; et al. Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: A prospective cohort study. Lancet 2020, 395, 1763–1770.
  3. Singh, A.K.; Jena, A.; Kumar-M, P.; Sharma, V.; Sebastian, S. Risk and outcomes of coronavirus disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. United Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 2020, 9, 159–176.
  4. Kim, L.; Garg, S.; O’Halloran, A.; Whitaker, M.; Pham, H.; Anderson, E.J.; Armistead, I.; Bennett, N.M.; Billing, L.; Como-Sabetti, K.; et al. Risk Factors for Intensive Care Unit Admission and In-hospital Mortality Among Hospitalized Adults Identified through the US Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospi-talization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET). Clin. Infect. Dis. 2021, 72, e206–e214.
  5. Rabaan, A.A.; Al Mutair, A.; Hajissa, K.; Alfaraj, A.H.; Al-Jishi, J.M.; Alhajri, M.; Alwarthan, S.; Alsuliman, S.A.; Al-Najjar, A.H.; Al Zaydani, I.A.; et al. A Comprehensive Review on the Current Vaccines and Their Efficacies to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1655.
  6. Prates-Syed, W.A.; Chaves, L.C.S.; Crema, K.P.; Vuitika, L.; Lira, A.; Côrtes, N.; Kersten, V.; Guimarães, F.E.G.; Sadraeian, M.; da Silva, F.L.B.; et al. VLP-Based COVID-19 Vaccines: An Adaptable Technology against the Threat of New Variants. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1409.
  7. Velikova, T.; Georgiev, T. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and autoimmune diseases amidst the COVID-19 crisis. Rheumatol. Int. 2021, 41, 509–518.
  8. Ferretti, F.; Cannatelli, R.; Benucci, M.; Carmagnola, S.; Clementi, E.; Danelli, P.; Dilillo, D.; Fiorina, P.; Galli, M.; Gallieni, M.; et al. How to Manage COVID-19 Vaccination in Im-mune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: An Expert Opinion by IMIDs Study Group. Front. Immunol. 2021, 12, 656362.
  9. Sen, P.; Gupta, L.; Lilleker, J.B.; Aggarwal, V.; Kardes, S.; Milchert, M.; Gheita, T.; Salim, B.; Velikova, T.; Gracia-Ramos, A.E.; et al. COVID-19 vaccination in autoimmune disease (COVAD) survey protocol. Rheumatol. Int. 2021, 42, 23–29.
  10. COVAD Study Group; Lilleker, J.B.; Chinoy, H. Vaccine Hesitancy in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases: Data from the COVID-19 Vaccination in Autoimmune Diseases (COVAD) Study. Indian J. Rheumatol. 2021; in press.
  11. Wu, X.; Lin, J.; Buch, H.; Ding, Q.; Zhang, F.; Cui, B.; Ji, G. The COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy Among the People with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in China: A Questionnaire Study. Front. Public Health 2021, 9, 731578.
  12. Hejrati, A.; Rafiei, A.; Soltanshahi, M.; Hosseinzadeh, S.; Dabiri, M.; Taghadosi, M.; Taghiloo, S.; Bashash, D.; Khorshidi, F.; Zafari, P. Innate immune response in systemic autoimmune diseases: A potential target of therapy. Inflammopharmacology 2020, 28, 1421–1438.
  13. Gershwin, M.E.; Borchers, A.T.; Keen, C.L. Phenotypic and Functional Considerations in the Evaluation of Immunity in Nutritionally Compromised Hosts. J. Infect. Dis. 2000, 182, S108–S114.
  14. Garg, M.; Al-Ani, A.; Mitchell, H.; Hendy, P.; Christensen, B. Low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of lat-itude 35 degrees North-supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 2020, 51, 1438–1439.
  15. Velikova, T.; Fabbri, A.; Infante, M. The role of vitamin D as a potential adjuvant for COVID-19 vaccines. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2021, 25, 5323–5327.
  16. Khan, N.; Vallarino, C.; Lissoos, T.; Darr, U.; Luo, M. Risk of infection and types of infection among elderly patients with inflam-matory bowel disease: A retrospective database analysis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2020, 26, 462–468.
  17. Al-Ani, A.H.; Prentice, R.E.; Rentsch, C.A.; Johnson, D.; Ardalan, Z.; Heerasing, N.; Garg, M.; Campbell, S.; Sasadeusz, J.; Macrae, F.A.; et al. Review article: Prevention, diagnosis and management of COVID-19 in the IBD patient. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2020, 52, 54–72.
  18. Spiera, E.; Agrawal, M.; Ungaro, R.C. COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Short-Term Safety in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2022, 162, 987–988.
  19. Botwin, G.J.; Li, D.; Figueiredo, J.; Cheng, S.; Braun, J.; McGovern, D.P.; Melmed, G.Y. Adverse Events after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination among Patients with Inflam-matory Bowel Disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2021, 116, 1746–1751.
  20. Weaver, K.N.; Zhang, X.; Dai, X.; Watkins, R.; Adler, J.; Dubinsky, M.C.; Kastl, A.; Bousvaros, A.; Strople, J.A.; Cross, R.K.; et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity and Development of Vaccine-Related Adverse Events: Results From PREVENT-COVID. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 2022, 28, 1497–1505.
  21. Wong, S.-Y.; Dixon, R.; Pazos, V.M.; Gnjatic, S.; Colombel, J.-F.; Cadwell, K.; Gold, S.; Helmus, D.; Neil, J.A.; Sota, S.; et al. Serologic Response to Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Receiving Biologic Therapies. Gastroenterology 2021, 161, 715–718.e4.
  22. Alexander, J.L.; Liu, Z.; Sandoval, D.M.; Reynolds, C.; Ibraheim, H.; Anandabaskaran, S.; Saifuddin, A.; Seoane, R.C.; Anand, N.; Nice, R.; et al. COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody and T-cell responses in immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease after the third vaccine dose (VIP): A multicentre, prospective, case-control study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022, 7, 1005–1015.
  23. Lev-Tzion, R.; Focht, G.; Lujan, R.; Mendelovici, A.; Friss, C.; Greenfeld, S.; Kariv, R.; Ben-Tov, A.; Matz, E.; Nevo, D.; et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Is Effective in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients and Is Not Associated with Disease Exacerbation. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022, 20, e1263–e1282.
  24. Kennedy, N.A.; Lin, S.; Goodhand, J.R.; Chanchlani, N.; Hamilton, B.; Bewshea, C.; Nice, R.; Chee, D.; Cummings, J.F.; Fraser, A.; et al. Contributors to the CLARITY IBD study. Infliximab is associated with attenuated immunogenicity to BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with IBD. Gut 2021, 70, 1884–1893.
  25. Khan, N.; Mahmud, N. Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in a Veterans Affairs Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Diverse Exposure to Immunosuppressive Medications. Gastroenterology 2021, 161, 827–836.
  26. Hadi, Y.B.; Thakkar, S.; Shah-Khan, S.M.; Hutson, W.; Sarwari, A.; Singh, S. COVID-19 Vaccination Is Safe and Effective in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Analysis of a Large Multi-institutional Research Network in the United States. Gastroenterology 2021, 161, 1336–1339.e3.
  27. Ben-Tov, A.; Banon, T.; Chodick, G.; Kariv, R.; Assa, A.; Gazit, S. BNT162b2 Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Preliminary Real-World Data During Mass Vaccination Campaign. Gastroenterology 2021, 161, 1715–1717.e1.
  28. Dailey, J.; Kozhaya, L.; Dogan, M.; Hopkins, D.; Lapin, B.; Herbst, K.; Brimacombe, M.; Grandonico, K.; Karabacak, F.; Schreiber, J.; et al. Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 After Infection or Vaccination in Children and Young Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2021, 28, 1019–1026.
  29. Kappelman, M.D.; Weaver, K.N.; Boccieri, M.; Firestine, A.; Zhang, X.; Long, M.D.; Chun, K.; Fernando, M.; Zikry, M.; Dai, X.; et al. Humoral Immune Response to Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccines Among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2021, 161, 1340–1343.e2.
  30. Simon, D.; Tascilar, K.; Fagni, F.; Krönke, G.; Kleyer, A.; Meder, C.; Atreya, R.; Leppkes, M.; Kremer, A.E.; Ramming, A.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination responses in untreated, conventionally treated and anticytokine-treated patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2021, 80, 1312–1316.
  31. James, D.; Jena, A.; Bharath, P.N.; Choudhury, A.; Singh, A.K.; Sebastian, S.; Sharma, V. Safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig. Liver Dis. 2022, 54, 713–721.
  32. Pozdnyakova, V.; Botwin, G.J.; Sobhani, K.; Prostko, J.; Braun, J.; Mcgovern, D.P.; Melmed, G.Y.; Appel, K.; Banty, A.; Feldman, E.; et al. Decreased Antibody Responses to Ad26.COV2.S Relative to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2021, 161, 2041–2043.e1.
  33. Ellul, P.; Revés, J.; Abreu, B.; Chaparro, M.; Gisbert, J.P.; Allocca, M.; Fiorino, G.; Barberio, B.; Zingone, F.; Pisani, A.; et al. Implementation and Short-term Adverse Events of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: An International Web-based Survey. J. Crohn’s Colitis 2022, 16, 1070–1078.
  34. Caldera, F.; Knutson, K.L.; Saha, S.; Wald, A.; Phan, H.S.; Chun, K.; Grimes, I.; Lutz, M.; Hayney, M.S.; Farraye, F.A. Humoral Immunogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Healthy Controls. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2021, 117, 176–179.
  35. Cerna, K.; Duricova, D.; Lukas, M.; Machkova, N.; Hruba, V.; Mitrova, K.; Kubickova, K.; Kostrejova, M.; Teplan, V.; Vasatko, M.; et al. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and antibody response in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on immune-modifying therapy: Prospective single-tertiary study. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2022, 28, 1506–1512.
  36. Classen, J.M.; Muzalyova, A.; Nagl, S.; Fleischmann, C.; Ebigbo, A.; Römmele, C.; Messmann, H.; Schnoy, E. Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results of a Single-Center Cohort Study in a Tertiary Hospital in Germany. Dig. Dis. 2021, 40, 719–727.
  37. Edelman-Klapper, H.; Zittan, E.; Shitrit, A.B.-G.; Rabinowitz, K.M.; Goren, I.; Avni-Biron, I.; Ollech, J.E.; Lichtenstein, L.; Banai-Eran, H.; Yanai, H.; et al. Lower Serologic Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Treated with Anti-TNFα. Gastroenterology 2022, 162, 454–467.
  38. Garrido, I.; Lopes, S.; Macedo, G. Safety of COVID-19 Vaccination in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients on Biologic Therapy. J. Crohn’s Colitis 2021, 16, 687–688.
  39. Levine, I.; Swaminath, A.; Roitman, I.; Sultan, K. COVID-19 Vaccination and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Desired Antibody Responses, Future Directions, and a Note of Caution. Gastroenterology 2022, 162, 349–350.
  40. Rodríguez-Martinó, E.; Medina-Prieto, R.; Santana-Bagur, J.; Santé, M.; Pantoja, P.; Espino, A.M.; Sariol, C.A.; Torres, E.A. Early immunologic response to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients receiving biologics and/or immunomodulators. medRxiv 2021, 78, 625.
  41. Shehab, M.; Alrashed, F.; Alfadhli, A.; Alotaibi, K.; Alsahli, A.; Mohammad, H.; Cherian, P.; Al-Khairi, I.; Thanaraj, T.A.; Channanath, A.; et al. Serological Response to BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccines in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Biologic Therapies. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1471.
  42. Esquivel-Valerio, J.A.; Skinner-Taylor, C.M.; Moreno-Arquieta, I.A.; la Garza, J.A.C.-D.; Garcia-Arellano, G.; Gonzalez-Garcia, P.L.; Almaraz-Juarez, F.d.R.; Galarza-Delgado, D.A. Adverse events of six COVID-19 vaccines in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases: A cross-sectional study. Rheumatol. Int. 2021, 41, 2105–2108.
  43. Fagni, F.; Simon, D.; Tascilar, K.; Schoenau, V.; Sticherling, M.; Neurath, M.F.; Schett, G. COVID-19 and immune-mediated inflam-matory diseases: Effect of disease and treatment on COVID-19 outcomes and vaccine responses. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021, 3, e724–e736.
  44. Chron’s and Colitis Foundations COVID-19 Vaccine Statement. Available online: https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/COVID-19%20Vaccine%20Position%20Statement.pdf (accessed on 30 November 2022).
  45. Freund, O.; Tau, L.; Weiss, T.E.; Zornitzki, L.; Frydman, S.; Jacob, G.; Bornstein, G. Associations of vaccine status with characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized severe COVID-19 patients in the booster era. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0268050.
  46. D’Amico, F.; Rabaud, C.; Peyrin-Biroulet, L.; Danese, S. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in IBD: More pros than cons. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021, 18, 211–213.
  47. ACR COVID-19 Vaccine Guidance Recommends Vaccination, Addresses Immunosuppressant Drugs & Patient Concerns. Available online: https://www.rheumatology.org/About-Us/Newsroom/Press-Releases/ID/1138 (accessed on 30 November 2022).
  48. Sung, K.-Y.; Chang, T.-E.; Wang, Y.-P.; Lin, C.-C.; Chang, C.-Y.; Hou, M.-C.; Lu, C.-L. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systemic review and meta-analysis. J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 2021, 85, 421–430.
  49. Doherty, J.; Fennessy, S.; Stack, R.; Morain, N.O.; Cullen, G.; Ryan, E.J.; De Gascun, C.; Doherty, G.A. Review Article: Vaccination for patients with inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2021, 54, 1110–1123.
  50. Jena, A.; James, D.; Singh, A.K.; Dutta, U.; Sebastian, S.; Sharma, V. Effectiveness and Durability of COVID-19 Vaccination in 9447 Patients with IBD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022, 20, 1456–1479.e18.
  51. Tabesh, E.; Soheilipour, M.; Rezaeisadrabadi, M.; Zare-Farashbandi, E.; Mousavi-Roknabadi, R.S. Comparison the effects and side effects of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): A systematic scoping review. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022, 22, 393.
  52. Wellens, J.; Colombel, J.-F.; Satsangi, J.J.; Wong, S.-Y. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in IBD: Past Lessons, Current Evidence, and Future Challenges. J. Crohn’s Colitis 2021, 15, 1376–1386.
  53. Kubas, A.; Malecka-Wojciesko, E. COVID-19 Vaccination in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2676.
  54. Duong, T.A.; Bryant, R.V.; Andrews, J.M.; Lynch, K.D. Attitudes towards COVID -19 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Intern. Med. J. 2022, 52, 1070–1074.
  55. Hudhud, D.; Caldera, F.; Cross, R.K. Addressing COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Patients with IBD. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2021, 28, 492–493.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Immunology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Monika Peshevska-Sekulovska
,
Plamena Bakalova
,
Violeta Snegarova
,
Snezhina Lazova
,
Tsvetelina Velikova
View Times: 664
Entry Collection: COVID-19
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 26 Dec 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback