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Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells Methods
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most deadly cancers worldwide. Colorectal cancer stem cells (cCSCs) are the driving units of CRC initiation and development. After the concept of cCSC was first formulated in 2007, a huge bulk of research has contributed to expanding its definition, from a cell subpopulation defined by a fixed phenotype in a plastic entity modulated by complex interactions with the tumor microenvironment, in which cell position and niche-driven signals hold a prominent role. The wide development of cellular and molecular technologies recent years has been a main driver of advancements in cCSCs research
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Membrane Fusion
Membrane fusion is a universal reaction that mediates a myriad of biological events, such as fertilization, organ and tissue growth, cancer metastasis, and multi-nucleated giant cell formation during an immune response .
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Chromatin-Remodeling in Cancer Cells
ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes can reorganize and remodel chromatin and thereby act as important regulator in various cellular processes. Based on considerable studies over the past two decades, it has been confirmed that the abnormal function of chromatin remodeling plays a pivotal role in genome reprogramming for oncogenesis in cancer development and/or resistance to cancer therapy.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nanotoxicity in Human Primary and Cancer Cells
Nanomaterial toxicity tests using normal and cancer cells may yield markedly different results. Nanomaterial toxicity between cancer and primary human cells was compared to determine the basic cell line selection criteria for nanomaterial toxicity analyses.
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Autophagosome Biogenesis
Autophagy–the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasm–plays a central role in cellular homeostasis and protects cells from potentially harmful agents that may accumulate in the cytoplasm, including pathogens, protein aggregates, and dysfunctional organelles. This process is initiated by the formation of a phagophore membrane, which wraps around a portion of cytoplasm or cargo and closes to form a double-membrane autophagosome. Upon the fusion of the autophagosome with a lysosome, the sequestered material is degraded by lysosomal hydrolases in the resulting autolysosome. Several alternative membrane sources of autophagosomes have been proposed, including the plasma membrane, endosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, hybrid organelles, and de novo synthesis. 
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Radiation Exposure on Caenorhabditis elegans
Knowledge regarding complex radiation responses in biological systems can be enhanced using genetically amenable model organisms. In this manuscript, we reviewed the use of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), as a model organism to investigate radiation’s biological effects. Diverse types of experiments were conducted on C. elegans, using acute and chronic exposure to different ionizing radiation types, and to assess various biological responses. These responses differed based on the type and dose of radiation and the chemical substances in which the worms were grown or maintained. 
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
GPCR, ER Stress, and EMT
Endoplasmic reticular stress (ERS) is a dynamics adaptive mechanism that is triggered upon perturbations in ER homeostasis. Hence unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated by ERS as a distress signal. UPR is involved in cancer progression by aiding cells to adapt harsh environments and evading cell death. We have made a significant discovery in the area of ERS and cell death in colonic epithelial cells where have previously unraveled the relationship between ERS and anti- apoptotic protein Survivin in colon cancer cells. We established a time point for an aggressive ERS environment with the help of ERS dynamics thereby creating a perfect environment for testing drugs. However, the role of ERS in cancer is still perplexing. G-protein coupled receptors (GCPR) are another large family of cell surface receptors that respond to a variety of external signals. GPCRs are said to have an active association with ERS in order to trigger some key processes like epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) which is a prime step in metastasis. However, there are some essential candidates that play a role in hindering cancer progression through numerous pathways. We therefore wish to provide the readers with an exhaustive views and insights of ER stress biology.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the major cellular drivers of liver fibrosis. Upon liver inflammation caused by a broad range of insults including non-alcoholic fatty liver, HSC transform from a quiescent into a proliferating, fibrotic phenotype.
  • 1.5K
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidant Therapy in Cancer
Cancer is characterized by increased oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. Enhanced ROS accumulation, as a result of metabolic disturbances and signaling aberrations, can promote carcinogenesis and malignant progression by inducing gene mutations and activating pro-oncogenic signaling, providing a possible rationale for targeting oxidative stress in cancer treatment.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Aprotinin
The drug aprotinin (Trasylol, previously Bayer and now Nordic Group pharmaceuticals), is a small protein bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), or basic trypsin inhibitor of bovine pancreas, which is an antifibrinolytic molecule that inhibits trypsin and related proteolytic enzymes. Under the trade name Trasylol, aprotinin was used as a medication administered by injection to reduce bleeding during complex surgery, such as heart and liver surgery. Its main effect is the slowing down of fibrinolysis, the process that leads to the breakdown of blood clots. The aim in its use was to decrease the need for blood transfusions during surgery, as well as end-organ damage due to hypotension (low blood pressure) as a result of marked blood loss. The drug was temporarily withdrawn worldwide in 2007 after studies suggested that its use increased the risk of complications or death; this was confirmed by follow-up studies. Trasylol sales were suspended in May 2008, except for very restricted research use. In February 2012 the European Medicines Agency (EMA) scientific committee reverted its previous standpoint regarding aprotinin, and has recommended that the suspension be lifted. Nordic became distributor of aprotinin in 2012.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
KRAS
The RAS family consists of membrane-associated small GTPases which play essential roles in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. There are four RAS protein isoforms in humans: HRAS, NRAS, and two splice variants, KRAS4A and KRAS4B. 
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
FTO Intronic SNP
Browning of white adipose tissue shifts adipocytes from energy storage white to energy expenditure beige types. The balance between the two adipocyte populations in white adipose tissue is highly determined by noncoding variants of the Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) locus which has the strongest association with obesity. The rs1421085 FTO risk allele results in a loss of ARID5B repression of IRX3 and IRX5 which promotes excess white adipocyte formation. Recent studies have revealed the presence of brown adipose tissues at several anatomical sites in humans including the deep-neck (DN).  We found that the characteristic gene expression profile and associated pathways of DN brown adipocytes were determined by partially overlapping effects of tissue site specific commitments of the stem cells, PPARγ stimulation and the FTO status of donors. The presence of FTO rs1421085 risk alleles had a strong influence, manifested during differentiation, on browning resulting in compromised expression of metabolic and mitochondrial genes as well as pathways which are decisive in thermogenesis.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
3D Cell Cultures
The 3D cell cultures allow cells to growth and interact between them and with the extracellular matrix in three dimensions. This conforms a culture structure closer to physiological conditions than the cell monolayers (2D) traditionally employed in cell biology, and it can be achieved by using extracellular matrix hydrogels derived from decellularized tissues, bio-printed scaffolds made of different materials, or by forcing the cells to interact between each other without physical support. 3D culture models provide a powerful tool to understand cell-to-cell interactions when used in co-cultures, and to determine the involvement of extracellular vesicles as major key interactors in cellular crosstalk.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
ER-Phagy and Its Diseases Relevance
Autophagy with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a specific substrate is called ER-phagy or reticulophagy. It occurs both under physiological conditions at the basal level, and when cells are insulted by starvation, UPR, toxin stimulation, and many other internal or external environmental changes, to achieve cell homeostasis by removing damaged or excess ER.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Exosomes and Diabetes
Diabetes is part of a group of metabolic disorders characterized by long-term high blood glucose levels due to either inadequate production of insulin (type 1) or poor response of the recipient cell to insulin (type 2). Organ dysfunctions are the main causes of morbidity and mortality due to high glucose levels. Exosomes are part of a newly emerged research area and have attracted a great deal of attention for their capacity to regulate communications between cells. In conditions of diabetes, exosomes play important roles in the pathological processes in both T1DM and T2DM, such as connecting the immune cell response to pancreatic tissue injury, as well as adipocyte stimulation to insulin resistance of skeletal muscle or liver. Furthermore, in recent years, nucleic acids containing exosomes—especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)—have been shown to mainly regulate communications between organs in pathological processes of diabetes, including influencing metabolic signals and insulin signals in target tissues, affecting cell viability, and modulating inflammatory pancreatic cells. Moreover, exosome miRNAs show promise in their use as biomarkers or in treatments for diabetes and diabetic complications.  
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated pulmonary hypertension
       Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease affecting preterm infants. More than 50 years after the first description of BPD by Northway, this chronic lung disease affecting many preterm infants is still less understood. Additonally, approximately 40% of preterm infants suffering from severe BPD also suffer from Bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated pulmonary hypertension (BPD-PH), leading to a significant increase in total morbidity and mortality. Until today, there is no curative therapy for both BPD and BPD-PH available. It has become increasingly evident that growth factors are playing a central role in normal and pathologic development of the pulmonary vasculature. Thus, this review aims to summarize the recent evidence in our understanding of BPD-PH from a basic scientific point of view, focusing on the potential role of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)/FGF10 signaling pathway contributing to disease development, progression and resolution.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Aug 2020
Topic Review
SIRT7
Sirtuins are key players for maintaining cellular homeostasis and are often deregulated in different human diseases. SIRT7 is the only member of mammalian sirtuins that principally resides in the nucleolus, a nuclear compartment involved in ribosomal biogenesis, senescence, and cellular stress responses. The ablation of SIRT7 induces global genomic instability, premature ageing, metabolic dysfunctions, and reduced stress tolerance, highlighting its critical role in counteracting ageing-associated processes.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
Metabolism is considered to be the core of all cellular activity. Thus, extensive studies of metabolic processes are ongoing in various fields of biology, including cancer research. Cancer cells are known to adapt their metabolism to sustain high proliferation rates and survive in unfavorable environments with low oxygen and nutrient concentrations. Hence, targeting cancer cell metabolism is a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer research. However, cancers consist not only of genetically altered tumor cells but are interwoven with endothelial cells, immune cells and fibroblasts, which together with the extracellular matrix (ECM) constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are linked to poor prognosis in different cancer types, are one important component of the TME. CAFs play a significant role in reprogramming the metabolic landscape of tumor cells, but how, and in what manner, this interaction takes place remains rather unclear.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
IMGG
IMGG, integrating multiple single-cell datasets through connected graphs and generative adversarial networks (GAN) to eliminate nonbiological differences between different batches. Compared with current methods, IMGG shows excellent performance on a variety of evaluation metrics, and the IMGG-corrected gene expression data incorporate features from multiple batches, allowing for downstream tasks such as differential gene expression analysis. 
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Betel quid (BQ) chewing increased the risk of oral cancer and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), an oral premalignant disorder (OPMD) with malignant transformation potential. BQ components such as areca nut (AN), trauma by coarse AN fiber, catechin, copper, alkaloids, stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation and cytotoxicity are suggested to be the contributing factors. In this review, the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover related genes and proteins in OSMF and the relation to betel quid chewing habit is discussed. Genetic susceptibility of ECM-related genes to OSMF is also mentioned. These results can facilitate our understanding the pathogenesis of OSMF and its possible prevention/treatment in the future.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Dec 2020
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