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Topic Review
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus
Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARSr-CoV)[note 1] is a species of coronavirus that infects humans, bats and certain other mammals. It is an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that enters its host cell by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. It is a member of the genus Betacoronavirus and subgenus Sarbecovirus. Two strains of the virus have caused outbreaks of severe respiratory diseases in humans: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), which caused the 2002–2004 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is causing the 2019–20 pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There are hundreds of other strains of SARS-CoV, all of which are only known to infect non-human species: bats are a major reservoir of many strains of SARS-related coronaviruses, and several strains have been identified in palm civets, which were likely ancestors of SARS-CoV. The SARS-related coronavirus was one of several viruses identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016 as a likely cause of a future epidemic in a new plan developed after the Ebola epidemic for urgent research and development before and during an epidemic towards diagnostic tests, vaccines and medicines. The prediction came to pass with the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Isolation and Structure of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides
Lycium barbarum, also named Goji berry, Gouqizi, and wolfberry, is a perennial shrubbery of Solanaceae that is widely cultivated in China, Japan, Korea, North America, and Europe. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) have attracted increasing attention due to their multiple pharmacological activities and physiological functions. The elucidation of precise structures of LBPs is the prerequisite to unraveling the relationships between structures and functions.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bird Technologies
Bird provides radio frequency communication products, services, calibration and training for the public security, cellular networks, broadcasting, semiconductor, military, government and medical industries. Bird's product portfolio includes spectrum analyzers, antenna and cable testers, power sensors, power meters and monitors, wattmeters, attenuators, terminations and loads, cellular repeaters, signal boosters, distributed antenna systems (DAS), RF streaming solutions, RF signal generation, and RF software analysis tools. The company's core market segments are Coverage Enhancement, Off Air Testing, M2M Sensors and Test & Measurement. Bird sells its products online, as well as through a network of distributors and sales representatives worldwide.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Phytochemicals from Ruta angustifolia Pers.
The genus Ruta in the family Rutaceae includes about 40 species, such as the well-known plants R. graveolens L. (common rue) or R. chalepensis L. (fringed rue), but also much lesser-known species such as R. angustifolia Pers. (narrow-leaved fringed rue). This rue specie, originating from the Mediterranean region, is well-distributed in Southeast Asia, notably in the Indo-Chinese peninsula and other territories. In some countries, such as Malaysia, the plant is used to treat liver diseases and cancer. Extracts of R. angustifolia display antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic effects. Diverse bioactive natural products have been isolated from the aerial parts of the plant, notably quinoline alkaloids and furocoumarins, which present noticeable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and/or antiproliferative properties.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Silver-Nanoparticle-Impregnated Membranes for Water Treatment
Increased affordability, smaller footprint, and high permeability quality that meets stringent water quality standards have accelerated the uptake of membranes in water treatment. Moreover, low pressure, gravity-based microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes eliminate the use of electricity and pumps. However, MF and UF processes remove contaminants by size exclusion, based on membrane pore size. This limits their application in the removal of smaller matter or even harmful microorganisms. There is a need to enhance the membrane properties to meet needs such as adequate disinfection, flux amelioration, and reduced membrane fouling. To achieve these, the incorporation of nanoparticles with unique properties in membranes has potential.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Daily Output Improvement of Solar Stills Using Nanomaterials
Solar stills play a crucial role in the rate of production and thermal performance in solar desalination. Several experimental modifications have been attempted to enhance the productivity of solar stills. One of the modifications proposed in recent studies involves the inclusion of nanomaterials in the base fluid used in solar stills. The addition of nanomaterials has been reported to increase the production rate. Common examples of nanomaterials used to enhance the productivity of different types of solar stills include Al2O3, CuO, ZnO, and TiO2.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19, Logistics Industry and Challenges
Transportation and logistics are the basic building blocks in the socio-economic development of a country. The pandemic altered the landscape of the transportation and logistics sector where organizations had to look for new technology-based solutions. Block chain and digital trucking are emerging concepts, which were further accelerated by COVID-19, to manage the challenges in the transportation and supply chain industry. 
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  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bioenergy Production from Microbial Fuel Cells
The over-exploitation of fossil fuels and their negative environmental impacts have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide, and efforts have been made to propose alternatives for the production of sustainable and clean energy. One proposed alternative is the implementation of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which are sustainable and environmentally friendly. MFCs are devices that use bacterial activity to break down organic matter while generating sustainable electricity.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Circinus
Circinus is a small, faint constellation located in the southern sky. Named after the Latin word for compass, it was first introduced in the 18th century by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille during his observations of the southern hemisphere. Despite its modest size, Circinus harbors several intriguing celestial objects, including a notable planetary nebula and multiple star systems of scientific interest.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
SIDS, Pulmonary Edema, and Sodium Toxicity
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) occurs unexpectedly in an otherwise healthy infant with no identifiable cause of death following a thorough investigation. A general hypervolemic state has been identified in SIDS, and fluid in the lungs suggests the involvement of pulmonary edema and hypoxia as the cause of death.
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  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy
The cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP) is a talking therapy, a synthesis model of interpersonal and cognitive and behavioral therapies developed (and patented) by James P. McCullough Jr [2000, 2006] of Virginia Commonwealth University specifically for the treatment of all varieties of DSM-IV chronic depression. CBASP is often mistakenly labeled a variant of cognitive therapy (CT) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) but it is not. McCullough writes that chronic depression (i.e., depressive disorder in adults that lasts continuously for two or more years; one year continuously in adolescents), particularly the type beginning during adolescence (early-onset), is essentially a refractory "mood disorder" arising from traumatic experiences or interpersonal psychological insults delivered by the patient's significant others (nuclear or extended family). The chronic depression mood disorder, at the core, is fueled by a generalized fear of others resulting in a lifetime history of interpersonal avoidance. The disorder rarely remits without proper treatment. Some basic assumptions underlying McCullough's approach to chronic depression and its treatment as a mood disorder are briefly described below.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Discrete Event Simulation
A discrete-event simulation (DES) models the operation of a system as a discrete sequence of events in time. Each event occurs at a particular instant in time and marks a change of state in the system. Between consecutive events, no change in the system is assumed to occur; thus the simulation can directly jump in time from one event to the next. This contrasts with continuous simulation in which the simulation continuously tracks the system dynamics over time. Instead of being event-based, this is called an activity-based simulation; time is broken up into small time slices and the system state is updated according to the set of activities happening in the time slice. Because discrete-event simulations do not have to simulate every time slice, they can typically run much faster than the corresponding continuous simulation. A more recent method is the three-phased approach to discrete event simulation (Pidd, 1998). In this approach, the first phase is to jump to the next chronological event. The second phase is to execute all events that unconditionally occur at that time (these are called B-events). The third phase is to execute all events that conditionally occur at that time (these are called C-events). The three phase approach is a refinement of the event-based approach in which simultaneous events are ordered so as to make the most efficient use of computer resources. The three-phase approach is used by a number of commercial simulation software packages, but from the user's point of view, the specifics of the underlying simulation method are generally hidden.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Olfactory Bulb in Companion Animals
The Olfactory Bulb is a component of the Olfactory System, in which it plays an essential role as an interface between the peripheral components and the cerebral cortex responsible for olfactory interpretation and discrimination. It is in this element that the first selective integration of olfactory stimuli occurs through a complex cell interaction that forwards the received olfactory information to higher cortical centers. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Forensic Methods for Image Inpainting
The rapid development of digital image inpainting technology is causing serious hidden danger to the security of multimedia information. Efforts have been devoted to developing forensic methods for image inpainting. They can be roughly divided into the following two categories: conventional inpainting forensics methods and deep learning-based inpainting forensics methods.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects around 300 million people worldwide and is a significant risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nucleos(t)ide analog therapy has aided in decreasing mortality from HBV.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Open Radio Access Networks
The open radio access network (RAN) aims to bring openness and intelligence to the traditional closed and proprietary RAN technology and offer flexibility, performance improvement, and cost-efficiency in the RAN’s deployment and operation.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
CdTe X/γ-ray Detectors
Different contact materials and optimization of techniques of their depositions expand the possibilities to obtain high performance room temperature CdTe-based X/γ-ray detectors. The heterostructures with ohmic (MoOx) and Schottky (MoOx, TiOx, TiN, and In) contacts, created by DC reactive magnetron sputtering and vacuum thermal evaporation, as well as In/CdTe/Au diodes with a p-n junction, formed by laser-induced doping, have been developed and investigated. Depending on the surface pre-treatment of semi-insulating p-CdTe crystals, the deposition of a MoOx film formed either ohmic or Schottky contacts. Based on the calculations and I-V characteristics of the Mo-MoOx/p-CdTe/MoOx-Mo, In/p-CdTe/MoOx-Mo, Ti-TiOx/p-CdTe/MoOx-Mo, and Ti-TiN/p-CdTe/MoOx-Mo Schottky-diode detectors, the current transport processes were described in the models of the carrier generation–recombination within the space-charge region (SCR) at low bias, and space-charge limited current incorporating the Poole–Frenkel effect at higher voltages, respectively. The energies of generation–recombination centers, density of trapping centers, and effective carrier lifetimes were determined. Nanosecond laser irradiation of the In electrode, pre-deposited on the p-CdTe crystals, resulted in extending the voltage range, corresponding to the carrier generation–recombination in the SCR in the I-V characteristics of the In/CdTe/Au diodes. Such In/CdTe/Au p-n junction diode detectors demonstrated high energy resolutions (7%@59.5 keV, 4%@122 keV, and 1.6%@662 keV).
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Titanium Foils
Titanium membranes used as barrier element in guided bone regeneration procedures. These membranes prevent the penetration of epithelial cells and fibroblasts and allow access to the bone defect of osteogenic and stem cells originating from the native bone. They have different formats, from a titanium sheet to be formed intraoperatively to a custom-made occlusive barrier from a previous computed tomography scan of the bone defect.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Apigenin Increases SHIP-1 Expression
The bioflavonoid apigenin (API) is used to reduce inflammation in different PC models. Wild type mice harboring heterotopic or orthotopic PC were treated with API, which induced SHIP-1 expression, reduced inflammatory tumor-derived factors (TDF), increased the proportion of tumoricidal macrophages and enhanced anti-tumor immune responses, resulting in a reduction in tumor burden compared to vehicle-treated PC mice. In contrast, SHIP-1-deficient mice exhibited an increased tumor burden and displayed augmented proportions of pro-tumor macrophages. These results provide further support for the importance of SHIP-1 expression in promoting pro-tumor macrophage development in the pancreatic TME. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
ALX4 Gene
ALX homeobox 4. The ALX4 gene provides instructions for making a member of the homeobox protein family.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Dec 2020
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