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Topic Review
Grid-Forming Inverters
The electrical grid is predominantly characterized by synchronous generators (SGs). These generators provide a consistent voltage and frequency, facilitating the synchronization of VSIs and their connection at the point of common coupling (PCC) for injecting power into the main grid. These inverters operate as current sources and are known as grid-following inverters. The imperfections of grid-following inverters arise when the grid is absent, as this concept fails to produce instantaneous voltage and frequency set points. Therefore, this operating mode has been significantly modified, from following the grid to leading it. This concept is known as grid-forming (GFM) inverters, which can independently set up and keep the voltage and frequency within their nominal ranges without the need for the main grid.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
DNA Elements That Impact Xist Expression
Compensation for the gene dosage disequilibrium between sex chromosomes in mammals is achieved in female cells by repressing one of its X chromosomes through a process called X chromosome inactivation (XCI), exemplifying the control of gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms. A critical player in this mechanism is Xist, a long, non-coding RNA upregulated from a single X chromosome during early embryonic development in female cells. Xist is regulated at different levels in cis and trans, such as DNA elements, transcription factors, other regulatory proteins, long non-coding RNAs and the chromatin and topological landscape surrounding Xist. This entry focuses on DNA elements that govern Xist expression.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Paleopathology in Bone Material from the Anthropology Laboratory of the University of Granada
The Field Guide “Paleopathology Collection at the University of Granada” includes one of the most important collections of human bone remains that present anomalies or specific characteristics that can be used to determine the existence of diseases, accidents or malformations in each subject’s life, as well as the probable cause of death. The collection consists of several thousand skeletons or parts of them. It is located at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Granada and has been created and managed by Professor Miguel C. Botella López, founder and director of the Anthropology Laboratory of the University of Granada, between 1971 and 2024. Professor Botella is the author of the diagnoses made for each specimen from different geographical areas of Spain in a time period ranging from the Neolithic to the present day. The collection is of special interest to students and professionals in medicine, archaeology, criminology or law.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Bibliometric Mapping of Cost-Benefit Analysis
Over time, the cost-benefit analysis has become a method that helps to clarify the pros and cons in many areas of human activity where both investment and non-investment projects are implemented. In researching for this article, we aimed to map the current state of publishing activities in the field of cost-benefit analysis and in order to accomplish this, four research questions had to be determined. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Intrinsic Determinants of Upper Airway Collapsibility
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a form of sleep-disordered breathing consisting of upper airway collapse during sleep that results in repetitive arousals and desaturations. Estimates of disease prevalence range between 1% and 3% of the general pediatric population, with significant associated clinical consequences on individual morbidity. Consequences of untreated pediatric OSA include metabolic, endocrine, cardiovascular, and neurobehavioral implications with potential for long-term consequences. However, many pathogenic features of this syndrome in children remain unclear. Understanding principal mechanisms of OSA is critical for ultimately allowing for the development of therapeutic strategies. Much of the pathogenic mechanisms of OSA currently center around upper airway collapsibility.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Feedback Devices for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
The application of feedback devices for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can effectively enhance the quality of life-saving treatment during CPR. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bone Healing
Main methods of biophysical enhancement in treating bone nonunions.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging worldwide zoonotic disease. The leptospirosis transmission is linked to maintenance and accidental hosts. In the epidemiology of Leptospira some serovar are strictly related to specific maintenance hosts.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Multi-Modal Therapies for Kinesiophobia
Musculoskeletal disorders and the following pain were common in most people’s daily life, and the musculoskeletal pain caused by musculoskeletal disorders was the second most common cause of disability. Many established factors, such as physical, biological, cognitive, behavioral, social, and occupation, were correlated with the pain following musculoskeletal disorders
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
May 16: The First Academy Awards
The First Academy Awards (later known as the Oscars) was a private awards ceremony held on May 16, 1929, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles. Organized by the newly formed Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), it honored outstanding achievements in films released between August 1, 1927, and July 31, 1928. Unlike today’s televised spectacle, the event was a 15-minute dinner banquet attended by 270 industry figures, with winners pre-announced months earlier. Key distinctions included two Best Picture categories (Wings won "Outstanding Picture," while Sunrise took "Unique and Artistic Production") and acting awards based on multiple performances (e.g., Janet Gaynor won Best Actress for three roles). The ceremony established foundational Oscar traditions, though the statuette’s nickname and global prominence would develop later.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 May 2025
Topic Review
Regulation Promoting the New Circular Economy
Over the past few decades, the production and consumption of clothing has increased exponentially, leading to a dramatic increase in the negative environmental consequences produced by the fashion industry. Given the rising pace of global warming and the rising concern about the fashion industry’s contribution to the climate crisis and its exploitative social dimensions, decision makers, politicians and government officials have begun to promote sustainable fashion through public policy. This article reviews the main barriers facing a circular economy in general and the fashion industry in particular. It considers nascent regulations emerging throughout the world in the field of sustainable fashion, applying circular economic principles to the fashion industry.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Terrestrial and Marine Datasets Integration
The entry describes the benefits associated with an accurate integration of terrestrial and marine geospatial datasets for environmental sciences. Attention is given to technology and interdisciplinarity which are playing an important role in this direction.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Rapid Clinical Management of Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is a vector-born disease caused by a group of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. 
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2020
Topic Review
OCT Applications in GI Tract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is uniquely poised for advanced imaging in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as it allows real-time, subsurface and wide-field evaluation at near-microscopic resolution, which may improve the current limitations or even obviate the need of superficial random biopsies in the surveillance of early neoplasias in the near future. OCT’s greatest impact so far in the GI tract has been in the study of the tubular esophagus owing to its accessibility, less bends and folds and allowance of balloon employment with optimal contact to aid circumferential imaging. Moreover, given the alarming rise in the incidence of Barrett's esophagus and its progression to adenocarcinoma in the U.S., OCT has helped identify pathological features that may guide future therapy and follow-up strategy. This review will explore the current uses of OCT in the gastrointestinal tract and future directions, particularly with non-endoscopic office-based capsule OCT and the use of artificial intelligence to aid in diagnoses.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Posttranscriptional Defects of Selenoenzymes
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known neurotoxicant that causes severe intoxication in humans. Research progress has pointed out the importance of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of MeHg toxicity. MeHg-induced intracellular relative selenium deficiency due to the greater affinity of MeHg for selenohydryl groups and selenides leads to failure in the recoding of a UGA codon for selenocysteine and results in the degradation of antioxidant selenoenzyme mRNA by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The defect of antioxidant selenoenzyme replenishment exacerbates MeHg-mediated oxidative stress. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota on Liver Diseases
The gut–liver axis plays important roles in both the maintenance of a healthy liver and the pathogenesis of liver diseases, where the gut microbiota acts as a major determinant of this relationship. Gut bacteria-derived metabolites and cellular components are key molecules that affect the function of the liver and modulate the pathology of liver diseases. Accumulating evidence showed that gut microbiota produces a myriad of molecules, including lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and DNA, as well as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine, and indole derivatives. The translocation of these components to the liver exerts beneficial or pathogenic effects by interacting with liver immune cells. This is a bidirectional relationship.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Dec 2020
Topic Review
MT-ND6 Gene
mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 6
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Usher Syndrome
Usher syndrome is a condition characterized by partial or total hearing loss and vision loss that worsens over time.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a genetic disorder that occurs primarily in males. It mainly affects the nervous system and the adrenal glands, which are small glands located on top of each kidney. In this disorder, the fatty covering (myelin) that insulates nerves in the brain and spinal cord is prone to deterioration (demyelination), which reduces the ability of the nerves to relay information to the brain. In addition, damage to the outer layer of the adrenal glands (adrenal cortex) causes a shortage of certain hormones (adrenocortical insufficiency). Adrenocortical insufficiency may cause weakness, weight loss, skin changes, vomiting, and coma.  
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Hemorheology
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a multifactorial phenomenon which has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes. IRI related tissue damage is characterized by various chronological events depending on the experimental model or clinical setting. Despite the fact that IRI research is in the spotlight of scientific interest for over three decades with a significant and continuous increase in publication activity over the years and the large number of pharmacological and surgical therapeutic attempts introduced, not many of these strategies have made their way to the everyday clinical practice. Furthermore, the pathomechanism of hepatic IRI has not been fully elucidated yet. In the complex process of the IRI flow properties of blood are not neglectable. Hemorheological factors play an important role in determining tissue perfusion and orchestrating mechanical shear stress-dependent endothelial functions. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, ischemic conditioning protocols, dynamic organ preservation techniques may improve rheological properties of the post-reperfusion hepatic blood flow and target endothelial cells, exerting a potent protection against hepatic IRI.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Mar 2021
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