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Topic Review
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed by macrophages, monocytes, and T cells, and its expression is triggered by the immune system in response to pathogens and their products, such as endotoxins. TNF-α plays an important role in host defense by inducing inflammatory reactions such as phagocytes and cytocidal systems activation. TNF-α also plays an important role in bone metabolism and is associated with inflammatory bone diseases. TNF-α binds to two cell surface receptors, the 55kDa TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) and the 75kDa TNF receptor-2 (TNFR2).
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Oral Cancer Prevention
Oral cancer is the 18th (out of 36) most common cancer worldwide. Early identification and management of precancerous lesions at high risk of developing cancers is the most effective and economical way to reduce the incidence, mortality, and morbidity of cancers as well as minimizing treatment-related complications, including pain, impaired functions, and disfiguration. Reliable cancer-risk-predictive markers play an important role in enabling evidence-based decision making as well as providing mechanistic insight into the malignant conversion of precancerous lesions.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Prokaryotic Partner of Entomopathogenic-Nematode/Bacterium Symbiotic Associations
The natural role of peptide-antimicrobials, produced by the prokaryotic partner of entomopathogenic-nematode/bacterium (EPN/EPB) symbiotic associations, is to sustain monoxenic conditions for the EPB in the gut of the semi-anabiotic infective dauer juvenile (IJ) EPN. They keep pathobiome conditions balanced for the EPN/EPB complex in polyxenic (soil, vanquished insect cadaver) niches. Xenorhabdus szentirmaii DSM16338(T) (EMC), and X. budapestensis DSM16342(T) (EMA), are the respective natural symbionts of EPN species Steinernema rarum and S. bicornutum.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Line-Shaped-Illumination Two-Photon Microscopy
Line-shaped illumination is a useful configuration to obtain a multifocal pattern to be used in two-photon microscopy: the light beam emitted by the illuminating laser is first shaped by means of cylindrical lenses and then is focused inside the sample as a continuous line. The simultaneous excitation of several points in the specimen is expected to reduce the acquisition time with respect to the usual point-scanning two-photon microscopes, as a two-dimensional image is obtained by scanning the line along a single direction.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Illicit Substances on Dopamine Receptors and Brain
Drug addiction is characterized by dysregulation of emotional processes involved in motivation and stress patterns. Social and cultural trends also affect and influence processes such as use, addiction, and relapse, as in men and women. The stages of abuse include first use, followed by escalation, addiction with subsequent withdrawal to relapse, which is a common structure for both sexes and is the same for all drugs.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Social Influence and Meat-Eating Behaviour
Interest in non-meat diets has been growing at an exponential rate in many countries. There is a wide consensus now that increased meat consumption is linked to higher health risks and environmental impact. Yet humans are social animals. Even the very personal decision of whether to eat meat or not is influenced by others around them. Researchers develop an agent-based model to study the effect of social influence on the spread of meat-eating behaviour in the British population. 
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
In Silico Materials Development
Machine learning has been an emerging scientific field serving the modern multidisciplinary needs in the Materials Science and Manufacturing sector. The taxonomy and mapping of nanomaterial properties based on data analytics is going to ensure safe and green manufacturing with consciousness raised on effective resource management. The utilization of predictive modelling tools empowered with artificial intelligence (AI) has proposed novel paths in materials discovery and optimization, while it can further stimulate the cutting-edge and data-driven design of a tailored behavioral profile of nanomaterials to serve the special needs of application environments. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Intelligent Hydrogels in Myocardial Engineering
Hydrogels are water-enriched polymeric biomaterials used as scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix and are employed in various tissue engineering applications. Interestingly, the hydrogels can be tuned by altering the functional groups of the parent polymeric backbone, resulting in structural rearrangements depending on the physiochemical alterations in the surrounding medium and forming intelligent/smart/stimuli-responsive hydrogels. Myocardial infarction (MI) causes impaired cardiac function due to the loss of cardiomyocytes following an ischemic attack. Intelligent hydrogels offer promising solutions for post-MI cardiac tissue therapy to aid in structural support, contractility, and targeted drug therapy. Hydrogels are porous hydrophilic matrices used for biological scaffolding, and upon the careful alteration of ideal functional groups, the hydrogels respond to the chemistry of the surrounding microenvironment, resulting in intelligent hydrogels.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Opportunities of Reality Capture in Construction Project Management
Reality Capture (RC) is a state-of-the-art technology for digital data gathering and visualization of the actual environment through virtual means. RC has been extensively used for different applications within the built environment. According to Fobiri et al., RC has been extensively applied to digital cultural heritage documentation, accuracy assessment, project monitoring, building surveys, construction site monitoring, and quality control assessment. To effectively implement novel technologies into projects, professionals need to recognize the benefits and performance enhancements RC offers to the built environment.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Linji School
The Línjì school (Chinese: 臨濟宗) is a school of Chan Buddhism named after Linji Yixuan (d. 866). It took prominence in Song China (960–1279), spread to Japan as the Rinzai school and influenced the nine mountain schools of Korean Seon.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Heuristic Evaluation of Microsoft Teams
The way that education is delivered changed significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic to be completely online in many countries for many institutions. Despite the fact that they are not online teaching platforms, virtual meeting platforms were utilized to deal with this transformation. One of the platforms Philadelphia University utilized for the unplanned shift to online teaching was Microsoft Teams. This research examines how heuristic evaluation may be used to guide the evaluation of online meeting platforms for teaching and focuses on the use of heuristic evaluation to assess the level of usability of Microsoft Teams. The level of Zoom’s usability is also evaluated using heuristic evaluation in order to compare it to that of Microsoft Teams and to assess Microsoft Teams’ overall usability in comparison to other platforms being used for the same purpose. Microsoft Teams was identified as having a few issues that need to be addressed. Additionally, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to Microsoft Teams’ usability were assessed.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Glia Dysfunction in Major Mental Diseases
Microglia exert multiple functional roles and contribute to the building of the neuronal circuit through synaptic pruning and stripping during development; they participate in surveillance by secreting neurotrophic factors that react against infectious agents or toxic elements and engage in phagocytic debris clearance, including the removal of dying neurons. The role of glia dysfunction, particularly Bergmann Glia in glutamate removal, is well described in autism.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 May 2023
Topic Review
Sialylation Accumulates in Cancer Tissues and Promotes Development
The tumor microenvironment (TME), where the tumor cells incite the surrounding normal cells to create an immune suppressive environment, reduces the effectiveness of immune responses during cancer development. Sialylation, a type of glycosylation that occurs on cell surface proteins, lipids, and glycoRNAs, is known to accumulate in tumors and acts as a “cloak” to help tumor cells evade immunological surveillance. The role of sialylation in tumor proliferation and metastasis has become increasingly evident. With the advent of single-cell and spatial sequencing technologies, more research is being conducted to understand the effects of sialylation on immunity regulation.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Antibacterial Activity of Substances of Fungal Origin
The phenomenon of drug resistance in micro-organisms necessitates the search for new compounds capable of combating them. Fungi emerge as a promising source of such compounds as they produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with bacteriostatic or fungistatic activity. These compounds can serve as alternatives for commonly used antibiotics.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Automated Stuttering Classification
Speech disfluency, particularly stuttering, can have a significant impact on effective communication. Stuttering is a speech disorder characterized by repetitions, prolongations, and blocks in the flow of speech, which can result in communication difficulties, social isolation, and low self-esteem. Stuttering can also lead to negative reactions from listeners, such as impatience or frustration, which can further exacerbate communication difficulties.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Concept Extraction in Education
In the education field, foundational subject-related knowledge reflects concepts frequently expressed as single words or phrases. Educational concepts must be blended into learning and instructional practices; students’ inadequate conceptual understanding can cause them to forget information during the learning process. Similarly, instructors can enhance learning materials’ quality through a clear sense of subject-specific concepts. Extracting concepts from various subject areas based on extensive unstructured text is thus critical for instructors and students, especially to enrich teaching and learning activities.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
American Marten
The American Marten (Martes americana), a charismatic and agile member of the mustelid family, is native to the forests of North America. Renowned for its sleek fur, arboreal prowess, and elusive nature, the American Marten plays a significant ecological role in the diverse ecosystems it inhabits.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Deep Learning Approach for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
Deep learning has emerged as a powerful tool for medical image analysis and diagnosis, demonstrating high performance on tasks such as cancer detection. As deep learning techniques continue to revolutionize the field of medical imaging, researchers have increasingly turned to large-scale databases to train and validate their algorithms. Many studies have been done to diagnose lung cancer using different datasets, both public and private. Each dataset has its own unique characteristics and challenges.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
New Insights into the Anti-Aging Properties of Mushrooms
Aging is a complex biological process that is influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Recently, it has been discovered that reactive oxygen species can accelerate the aging process, leading to an increased incidence of age-related diseases that are characteristic of aging.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Alternative Methods to Retting of Straw
Bast fibers, such as flax and hemp, have been used by humanity for thousands of years. In the case of processes other than dew or field retting, they can also follow field drying. In any case, the fiber plant straw is retted first in order to be able to carry out the subsequent mechanical fiber recovery by decortication, cleaning and, if necessary, opening of the coarse fiber bundles. This can be defined as primary processing of bast fiber straw. The retting process involves the controlled decomposition of those substances that bind the fiber containing tissues to the other components of the stalk as well as the fibers to each other (to form so called bundles). It is described as one of the most important steps in the whole supply chain of fibers from bast fiber plants such as hemp and flax since it affects both the ease of performing the subsequent mechanical processing steps as well as the quality of the resulting fibers.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Apr 2024
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