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Topic Review
Vitamin C and Multiple Pathophysiological Stages of COVID-19
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) is an essential nutrient with many biological roles that have been proven to play an important part in immune function; it serves as an antioxidant, an anti-viral, and exerts anti-thrombotic effects among many other physiological benefits. Research has proven that AA at pharmacological doses can be beneficial to patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other respiratory illnesses, including sepsis. In addition, High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin C (HDIVC) has proven to be effective in patients with different viral diseases, such as influenza, chikungunya, Zika, and dengue. Moreover, HDIVC has been demonstrated to be very safe. Regarding COVID-19, vitamin C in addition to its antiviral properties, it can suppress the cytokine storm, reduce thrombotic complications, and diminish alveolar and vascular damage, among other benefits.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Fertilizer-Cum-Pesticide Effect of the Toxic Weed Lantana
Lantana (L. camara), which is acknowledged as one among the 100 most invasive and colonizing of the world’s weeds, has become a major threat to agriculture and forest ecosystems. It has the ability to grow in widely varying environmental conditions, often forming large, impenetrable, thickets. This entry is to compare fertilizer-cum-pesticide effect of vermicomposts derived from cowdung and the toxic weed lantana. It has shown that vermicomposting transforms lantana into an organic fertilizer which is as benign and potent as vermicomposts  based on cowdung and other manures are.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound in Telemedicine
The term telemedicine was to describe the practice of delivering health care services through the use of information and communications technology, whereby geographic distance is not as constraining, as in the case of traditional medical practice. Telemedicine is not only used to exchange valid information for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease and injuries and research and evaluation, but also for the continuing the education of healthcare providers to advance individual and community health.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Ammonia in Various Technologies
Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel with promising applications as either a direct or indirect hydrogen carrier. Ammonia can play an important role in the decarbonization of the shipping industry, at least for deep sea routes. The key barriers to using green ammonia as an alternative fuel in maritime industry. are: (1) High production costs, due to the high capital costs associated with ammonia’s supply chain; (2) availability, specifically the limited geographical locations available for ammonia bunkering; (3) the challenge of ramping up current ammonia production; and (4) the development of ammonia-specific regulations addressing issues such as toxicity, safety, and storage. These issues are further discussed in this topic review.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Microcystins in Water
Eutrophication of surface waters caused by toxic cyanobacteria such as Microcystis aeruginosa leads to the release of secondary metabolites called Microcystins (MCs), which are heptapeptides with adverse effects on soil microbiota, plants, animals, and human health. Therefore, implementing ecotechnologies capable of handling this problem has become necessary.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Helichrysum Genus in Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a very prevalent disease affecting both developed and developing countries. Concerted efforts by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) to reduce the spike in global diabetes cases and mortality have witnessed different advocacies over the past years. The IDF report shows that 463 million (9.3%) adults worldwide are suffering from diabetes, and this number is projected to increase by 51% in 2030 (578 million) and 2045 (700 million). The prevalence of diabetes varies according to geographical region, with more than 80% of diabetic patients living in low-to-middle-income countries, which poses additional challenges with ineffective treatment. Despite the success recorded from these synthetic drugs, the traditional method of treatment using medicinal plants is increasingly accepted by the locals due to its low cost and the perceived no side effects. Helichrysum species are used in folk medicine and are documented for the treatment of DM in different regions of the world. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Natural Polymeric Carbohydrate-Based Antibiofilm Materials
Natural biopolymers, especially carbohydrates, show excellent material properties, such as mechanical strength, plasticity, and biodegradability. In addition, the anionic charges of hydrophilic polysaccharides (such as sulfate polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid, etc.) allow ionic attraction with metal ions or organic salts, and thereby they achieve antibacterial material properties. These antibacterial materials can be used to make implants for biomedical use. However, in-vivo compatibility remains a major limitation of such polymeric materials. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Quantum Dots in Fungal Cells
Quantum dots are nanocrystals with bright and tunable fluorescence. Due to their unique property, quantum dots are sought after for their potential in several applications in biomedical sciences as well as industrial use.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Optical PAyload for Lasercomm Science
Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS) is a spacecraft communication instrument developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory that was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) from 18 April 2014 to 17 July 2014 to demonstrate the technology for laser communications systems between spacecraft and ground stations. The purpose of OPALS is to do research into replacing traditional radio-frequency (RF) communications which are currently used on spacecraft. This will allow spacecraft to increase the rate at which data is downlinked by 10 to 100 times. It also will have less error than RF communication. It launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station to the ISS on 18 April 2014 on a Falcon 9 SpaceX CRS-3 Dragon capsule resupply. The experiment used commercial products rather than space qualified components.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Histamine
Histamine [2-(4-imidazolyl)-ethylamine] is a biogenic amine that was first synthesized in the early 1900s. Histamine is a biogenic amine with numerous effects on many cell types, mediated by the activation of its four different histamine receptors (H1–H4Rs).
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is a chemical vapor deposition process used to deposit thin films from a gas state (vapor) to a solid state on a substrate. Chemical reactions are involved in the process, which occur after creation of a plasma of the reacting gases. The plasma is generally created by radio frequency (RF) (alternating current (AC)) frequency or direct current (DC) discharge between two electrodes, the space between which is filled with the reacting gases.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DubaiSat-1
DubaiSat-1 is a remote sensing Earth observation satellite built by the Emirates Institution for Advanced Science and Technology (EIAST) under an agreement with Satrec Initiative, a satellite manufacturing company in South Korea . DubaiSat-1 was launched on 29 July 2009 into a 680 km altitude sun-synchronous polar orbit from the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan, along with several other satellites on board the Dnepr launch vehicle.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Immunological Constant of Rejection
The Immunologic Constant of Rejection (ICR), is a notion introduced by biologists to group a shared set of genes expressed in tissue destructive-pathogenic conditions like cancer and infection, along a diverse set of physiological circumstances of tissue damage or organ failure, including autoimmune disease or allograft rejection. The identification of shared mechanisms and phenotypes by distinct immune pathologies, marked as a hallmarks or biomarkers, aids in the identification of novel treatment options, without necessarily assessing patients phenomenologies individually.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Association between NAFLD and Infectious Diseases
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease, affecting one third of the Western population. The hallmark of the disease is excessive storage of fat in the liver. Most commonly, it is caused by metabolic syndrome (or one of its components).
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Classification of Ginsenosidases
Although there are multiple catalytic strategies for the conversion of major ginsenoside, biotransformation using ginsenosidases is more advantageous for the targeted production of minor ginsenosides due to the high specificity, high selectivity, high catalytic efficiency, high product purity, mild reaction conditions and clear catalytic process, which is one of the current research topics in ginsenoside biotransformation. Ginsenosidases are commonly classified as type I, type II, type III, type IV and type V according to the hydrolysis site, residues and types of sugar moieties of ginsenosides. Ginsenosidase type I simultaneously hydrolyze the glycosyl residues linked to C-20 and C-3 positions in the PPD-type ginsenosides, yielding minor ginsenosides with only one glucose residue or other glycosyl residues. Ginsenosidase type II hydrolyzes the glycosyl residues at the C-20 position of protopanaxadiol (PPD)-and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type saponins. Ginsenosidase type III hydrolyzes the sugar moieties attached to the C-3 position of PPD-type ginsenosides. Ginsenosidase type IV only hydrolyzes the sugar moieties linked to C-6 in PPT-type ginsenosides. Ginsenosidase type V hydrolyzes the glycosyl moieties attached to the C-20 and C-6 positions of PPT-type ginsenosides to yield the corresponding aglycones.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Endophytes Acting on Secondary Metabolites in Plants
Endophytes, which are widely found in host plants and have no harmful effects, are a vital biological resource. Plant endophytes promote plant growth and enhance plants’ resistance to diseases, pests, and environmental stresses. In addition, they enhance the synthesis of important secondary metabolites in plants and improve the potential applicability of plants in agriculture, medicine, food, and horticulture. Secondary metabolites (SMs) are the products formed by interactions with the environment during plant growth and development. SMs mainly include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, peptides, phenols, sterols, and additional minor molecular organic compounds. As essential substances used by plants for self-protection to cope with their environment, SMs have various physiological functions, such as regulating plant growth and biological defense, and they are also involved in the plant response abiotic stresses, such as drought, low temperature, salinity, and metals
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning in COVID-19
Various deep-learning (DL) methods that utilize a combination of omics data and imaging data have been applied to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options of clinical COVID-19 patients. Even with the emerging deep-learning methods, human intervention is still essential in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Central High-Order Aberrations and Accommodation
High-order aberrations (HOAs) are optical defects that degrade the image quality. They change with factors such as pupil diameter, age, and accommodation. The changes in optical aberrations during accommodation are mainly due to lens shape and position changes. Primary spherical aberration (Z(4.0)) is closely related to accommodation and some studies suggested that it plays an important role in the control of accommodation. Furthermore, central and peripheral HOAs vary with refractive error and seem to influence eye growth and the onset and progression of myopia. The variations of central and peripheral HOAs during accommodation also appear to be different depending on the refractive error. Central and peripheral high-order aberrations are closely related to accommodation and influence the accuracy of the accommodative response and the progression of refractive errors, especially myopia. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Intercropping Cover Crops for a Vital Ecosystem Service
Cover crops are the crucial components of a sustainable crop production system because of their critical ecological services. Cover crops grown between rows of primary crops provide more benefits than conventional cropping systems, where ecosystem services are strengthened by lessening anthropogenic inputs.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Geothermal Heat Exchangers
Geothermal energy is likely to be a significant contributor in achieving sustainable energy goals and net-zero emissions targets. Within geothermal power plants, heat exchangers play a critical role in harnessing this renewable energy source. However, these heat exchangers encounter significant challenges when exposed to geothermal fluids, including erosion, corrosion, and scaling, which adversely affects their performance and longevity.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Nov 2023
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