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Topic Review
Bmp Signaling Regulates Hand1
The bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling pathway and the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor Hand1 are known key regulators of cardiac development. In this study, we investigated the Bmp signaling regulation of Hand1 during cardiac outflow tract (OFT) development. In Bmp2 and Bmp4loss-of-function embryos with varying levels of Bmp in the heart, Hand1 is sensitively decreased in response to the dose of Bmp expression. In contrast, Hand1 in the heart is dramatically increased in Bmp4 gain-of-function embryos. We further identified and characterized the Bmp/Smad regulatory elements in Hand1. Combined transfection assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments indicated that Hand1 is directly activated and bound by Smads. In addition, we found that upon the treatment of Bmp2 and Bmp4, P19 cells induced Hand1 expression and favored cardiac differentiation. Together, our data indicated that the Bmp signaling pathway directly regulates Hand1 expression in a dose-dependent manner during heart development.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Uncontrolled and Controlled Destruction of Acetylene Pressure Cylinders
The risk of physical destruction of a pressure cylinder increases with increasing temperature load. Acetylene is a significant hazardous gas in cylinders. If the destruction pressure is reached, the cylinder is torn into two or more pieces, followed by the gas release to the environment. The presence of ignition sources could lead to the formation of the fireball phenomenon. This phenomenon generally reaches approximately ten meters in diameter and can be accompanied by a blast wave and a spread of the cylinder’s fragments or surrounding objects. The consequences of this type of fire could be fatal. Shooting through the cylinder shell may lead to the mitigation, if not elimination, of the effects of the uncontrolled destruction mentioned above. As a result of the review of relevant publications, several states commonly use this method as a standard procedure. Internal gas is released through the resulting hole, the pressure drops down and the gas creates a fire jet or disperses to surroundings. This study is based on a large-scale experiment where acetylene cylinders were placed inside a prepared woodpile and exposed to fire. In the fire condition, the cylinders exploded and created fireballs, or were penetrated via shooting and created fire jets.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Public Safety Personnel Family Resilience
The families of public safety personnel (PSP) face demands that are unique to these occupations. Nonstandard work, trauma exposure, and dangerous work environments affect both workers and the families who support them. Factors influencing family functioning and the availability and accessibility of resources provide clues about the type of skills and supports that PSP families rely on. Meaning-making, collaboration, a sense of coherence, and communication were identified as themes associated with intrafamilial processes. Extrafamilial themes included public perceptions, a lack of recognition for the roles families fulfill, and the need for information and education. The vulnerability of PSP families is variable and extrafamilial resources in the form of formal and informal supports are necessary to enhance family resiliency. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Open Innovation Concept Based on Ecosystem Approach
One of the major factors of developing economics in the modern world is promoting innovation activities, which frequently ensures a competitive position of a state in the global market. Thus far, the introduction of innovative high-performance technologies founded on scientific research has been considered to be a driver of economic growth that results in enhancing the welfare of a population. Therefore, many states look for measures to support innovations.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Occurrence of Bearing Currents in Electric Machines
In electrical machines, there are numerous negative phenomena of a destructive nature. The constructors of electrical machines try to limit these phenomena and/or minimize their negative effects. One such phenomenon in electrical machines is the occurrence of bearing voltages and currents. Despite their simple structure, the bearings are susceptible to damage to the raceway surface and rolling elements. Even small traces and imperfections of these surfaces may cause a serious failure resulting in the bearing being excluded from further operation.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Imaging More than Skin-Deep
Systemic disorders often present with both cutaneous and radiologic findings. Some presenting skin lesions are disease-specific (e.g., shagreen patch in tuberous sclerosis); others signify internal organ involvement (e.g., erythema nodosum in sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, or inflammatory bowel disease). Disease entities are broadly categorized into three areas: (1) autoimmune/inflammatory disorders and vasculitides, (2) genetic/congenital disorders, and (3) neoplasms.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
AVIC VSTOL UAVs
AVIC VSTOL UAVs are Chinese VSTOL experimental UAVs developed by Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). Although all of these proof-of-concept designs are currently unmanned, the developer has claimed that if proved to be successful, some of them might be developed into manned versions in the future.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Advantages of Intranasal Administration in Treatment of Depression
As a mental disease in modern society, depression shows an increasing occurrence, with low cure rate and high recurrence rate. It has become the most disabling disease in the world. At present, the treatment of depression is mainly based on drug therapy combined with psychological therapy, physical therapy, and other adjuvant therapy methods. Antidepressants are primarily administered peripherally (oral and intravenous) and have a slow onset of action. Antidepressant active ingredients, such as neuropeptides, natural active ingredients, and some chemical agents, are limited by factors such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB), first-pass metabolism, and extensive adverse effects caused by systemic administration. The potential anatomical link between the non-invasive nose–brain pathway and the lesion site of depression may provide a more attractive option for the delivery of antidepressant active ingredients.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Kounotori 2
Kounotori 2 (こうのとり2号機, "white stork" ), also known as HTV-2, was launched in January 2011 and was the second Japan ese H-II Transfer Vehicle to resupply the International Space Station (ISS). It was launched by the H-IIB Launch Vehicle No. 2 (H-IIB F2) manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) and JAXA. After the supplies were unloaded, Kounotori 2 was loaded with waste material from ISS, including used experiment equipment and used clothes. Kounotori 2 was then unberthed and separated from the ISS and burned up upon reentering the atmosphere on 30 March 2011.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Blockchain-Based Internet of Medical Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) or other decentralized platforms may be employed in this context for achieving dispersed coverage. In light of this, healthcare systems are a crucial IoT application. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is the kind of IoT that is used in the healthcare industry. IoMTs are the wave of the future in healthcare since they will enable the connectivity and remote monitoring of all medical equipment. Due to these developments, healthcare may now be provided more rapidly and at a lower cost. Medical workers (nurses, physicians, etc.), medical data servers, and medical sensor equipment make up the bulk of an IoMT system that provides remote healthcare.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Secondary Metabolites Produced by Penicillium roqueforti
Filamentous fungi are an important source of natural products. The mold Penicillium roqueforti, which is well-known for being responsible for the characteristic texture, blue-green spots, and aroma of the so-called blue-veined cheeses (French Bleu, Roquefort, Gorgonzola, Stilton, Cabrales, and Valdeón, among others), is able to synthesize different secondary metabolites, including andrastins and mycophenolic acid, as well as several mycotoxins, such as Roquefortines C and D, PR-toxin and eremofortins, Isofumigaclavines A and B, festuclavine, and Annullatins D and F.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Myocardial Perfusion and Flow Imaging with PET
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive, functional imaging test utilizing ionizing radiation, the source of which is a radioactive isotope (radionuclide) administered to the patient. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with radionuclide PET is one of the non-invasive imaging methods that can provide rapid and accurate information about the extent of ischemia.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pheromones Secreted by Nematodes
Pheromones are chemical signals secreted by one individual that can affect the behaviors of other individuals within the same species. Ascaroside is an evolutionarily conserved family of nematode pheromones that play an integral role in the development, lifespan, propagation, and stress response of nematodes. Their general structure comprises the dideoxysugar ascarylose and fatty-acid-like side chains. Ascarosides can vary structurally and functionally according to the lengths of their side chains and how they are derivatized with different moieties.  Ascarosides (ASCRs) represent the majority of the pheromones secreted by nematodes. The molecular formula for an ascaroside, C33H68O4, was first proposed by Schulz and Becker in 1933. Different phenotypes of nematode species are produced by different ascarosides or combinations of ascarosides; even slight changes in the chemical structure tend to produce drastically different patterns of activity. As a rule, the patterns of the biosynthesis of ascarosides are linked to the phylogeny, lifestyle, and ecological niche of the organism. In addition, different concentrations of the same ascarosides can have different effects on nematodes. Other chemicals such as vanillic acid function as pheromones in some nematodes, but there have been comparatively few studies and discoveries in this area.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Recent Advancements in Retinal Prosthesis Technology
Significant progress has been made in retinal prostheses, including material science, visual field size, and integration of artificial intelligence. These advancements reflect innovation and provide insights into the future of retinal prostheses. Retinal prostheses utilize inorganic and organic electrodes. Smaller electrodes optimize electrical signaling, but current electrodes have physical limitations. Common metals used are iridium, gold, titanium, tin, and platinum due to their inertness, electrical properties, and biocompatibility. Recent advancements aim to improve the visual field of retinal prostheses. One such example, POLYRETINA, a foldable and photovoltaic epiretinal prosthetic, addresses the limited visual field in current technology since existing prosthetics have insufficient visual angle size (VAS) for mobility and object identification tasks. Additionally, a recent study developed a wireless photovoltaic retinal implant (PRIMA) to improve central vision in atrophic age-related macular degeneration patients without affecting peripheral vision. Retinal prostheses face challenges in effectiveness, surgical complexity, patient eligibility, long-term durability, and cost/accessibility, which is why advancements in technology, surgical techniques, and understanding of retinal physiology are needed.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Metaverse Technologies
The metaverse as a concept is not new, having been introduced in the sci-fi novel Snow Crash over 30 years ago. The metaverse is widely discussed and is generally seen to be the next “big thing” in the application of technology in business and society. A wide range of digital technologies will be deployed in the metaverse, bringing increased focus on corporate digital responsibilities that will likely require government regulation.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Optimized Deep Learning Model for Flood Detection
The increasing amount of rain produces a number of issues in Kerala, particularly in urban regions where the drainage system is frequently unable to handle a significant amount of water in such a short duration. Meanwhile, standard flood detection results are inaccurate for complex phenomena and cannot handle enormous quantities of data. In order to overcome those drawbacks and enhance the outcomes of conventional flood detection models, deep learning techniques are extensively used in flood control.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
N-Acetylcysteine and Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. Although the mechanism for atherosclerosis is complex and has not been fully understood, inflammation and oxidative stress play a critical role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been used as a mucolytic agent and an antidote for acetaminophen overdose with a well-established safety profile. NAC has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through multiple mechanisms, including an increase in the intracellular glutathione level and an attenuation of the nuclear factor kappa-B mediated production of inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins. Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that NAC significantly decreases the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Botulinum Toxin Type A
Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) which is generally known as anti-contraction of muscles has been reported as a successful treatment in various types of chronic ulcers.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Engineered Durum Wheat Germplasm
Durum wheat (Triticum durum var. durum, 2n = 4x = 28, AB genomes) is a major staple crop in the Mediterranean Basin, where its cultivation largely replaced that of tetraploid emmer, T. dicoccum, by the first millennium B.C.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Structural biology in coronavirus-receptor interaction
Mass spectrometry and some other biophysical methods, have made substantial contributions to the studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human proteins interactions. The most interesting feature of SARS-CoV-2 seems to be the structure of its spike (S) protein and its interaction with the human cell receptor. Mass spectrometry of spike S protein revealed how the glycoforms are distributed across the S protein surface. X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy made huge impact on the studies on the S protein and ACE2 receptor protein interaction, by elucidating the three-dimensional structures of these proteins and their conformational changes. The findings of the most recent studies in the scope of SARS-CoV-2-Human protein-protein interactions are described here.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Sep 2020
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