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Topic Review
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major complication of cirrhosis, which is associated with gut microbial composition and functional alterations.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Eating Disorders and Gastrointestinal Diseases
Eating disorders (ED) are frequently associated with a wide range of psychiatric or somatic comorbidities. The most relevant ED are anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorders (BED). Patients with ED exhibit both upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Evidence of alterations throughout the GI tract in ED will be analyzed given the role of the GI tract in food intake and its regulation. It remains a matter of debate whether GI disorders are inherent manifestations of ED or the results of malnutrition occurring from ED. Moreover, recent clinical studies have highlighted the growing role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of ED, making it possible to hypothesize a modulation of intestinal microbiota as a co-adjuvant to standard therapy. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D Metabolism in Celiac Disease
Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder involving the small intestine, characterized by villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes. Due to both calcium malabsorption and immune activation, a high prevalence of bone mass derangement is evident in this condition, regardless of the presence of overt malabsorption. In untreated patients, secondary hyperparathyroidism is responsible for the hyperconversion of 25-vitamin D into 1,25-vitamin D making mandatory the determination of serum levels of both vitamin metabolites to avoid a wrong diagnosis of vitamin D deficit. A gluten-free diet allows for a normalization of bone and mineral metabolism, reverting these abnormalities and raising some doubts on the need for vitamin supplementation in all the patients. 
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Disorders Involving ICCs and the ENS
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is organized into two plexuses—submucosal and myenteric—which regulate smooth muscle contraction, secretion, and blood flow along the gastrointestinal tract under the influence of the rest of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are mainly located in the submucosa between the two muscle layers and at the intramuscular level. They communicate with neurons of the enteric nerve plexuses and smooth muscle fibers and generate slow waves that contribute to the control of gastrointestinal motility. They are also involved in enteric neurotransmission and exhibit mechanoreceptor activity. A close relationship appears to exist between oxidative stress and gastrointestinal diseases, in which ICCs can play a prominent role. Thus, gastrointestinal motility disorders in patients with neurological diseases may have a common ENS and central nervous system (CNS) nexus. In fact, the deleterious effects of free radicals could affect the fine interactions between ICCs and the ENS, as well as between the ENS and the CNS.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives in Enteric Infections Treatment
Chitosan is a nontoxic natural antimicrobial polymer and is approved by GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration). Chitosan and chitosan derivatives can kill microbes by neutralizing negative charges on the microbial surface. Besides, chemical modifications give chitosan derivatives better water solubility and antimicrobial property. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori
Despite the declining trend of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) prevalence around the globe, ongoing efforts are still needed to optimize current and future regimens in view of the increasing antibiotic resistance. The resistance of H. pylori to different antibiotics is caused by different molecular mechanisms, and advancements in sequencing technology have come a far way in broadening our understanding and in facilitating the testing of antibiotic susceptibility to H. pylori.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pancreatitis in Pregnancy
Acute and chronic pancreatitis, until observed incidentally in pregnancy. Particularly severe complications for the mother and fetus may be a consequence of acute pancreatitis. Therefore, it is important to know more about the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of pancreatic diseases in the course of pregnancy.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Insulin Resistance and NAFLD development
Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition in which insulin action is altered. In metabolic terms, IR represents the inability of a fixed amount of insulin to metabolize a known amount of glucose in an individual as compared to the general population. 
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Multiple Sclerosis Therapies and Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and the association with other autoimmune diseases is well-documented. There are many therapeutic options for the treatment of MS. Most of the available drugs cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI) to variable extents with heterogeneous clinical and biological manifestations, including liver injury with or without signs of hypersensitivity and autoimmunity. The different disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and immunomodulating treatments used in the management of MS include interferon beta (IFN-β), glatiramer acetate (GA), natalizumab, fingolimod, mitoxantrone, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, alemtuzumab, daclizumab, and ocrelizumab. These drugs are largely available in the USA and Europe, but with some differences in indications.
  • 999
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) have been recognized as occidentalized diseases, due to their higher rates of incidence and prevalence in occidental countries. CD mostly presents between 20 and 30 years, whereas UC mostly presents between 30 and 40 years, as well as from 60 to 70 years. 
  • 998
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Future Modulation of Gut Microbiota
The human gut is inhabited by a multitude of bacteria, yeasts, and viruses. A dynamic balance among these microorganisms is associated with the well-being of the human being, and a large body of evidence supports a role of dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Given the importance of the gut microbiota in the preservation of human health, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics have been classically used as strategies to modulate the gut microbiota and achieve beneficial effects for the host. Besides, several molecules not typically included in these categories have demonstrated a role in restoring the equilibrium among the components of the gut microbiota.
  • 989
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Gut Virome in Childhood Diseases
Mammals are colonized by numerous microbes, collectively referred to as the microbiota. The microbiota forms a stable symbiotic relationship with the host and is indispensable for health maintenance. Although the eubacteria are the best characterized component of the human gut microbiota, it also includes commensal populations of viruses, fungi, multicellular parasites and archaea. Evidence highlights that the virome, consisting in DNA and RNA eukaryotic viruses, bacterial viruses (i.e., bacteriophages) and archaeal viruses, exerts a fundamental role in the host wellbeing. Indeed, alterations of the adult virome have been linked to increased disease susceptibility, suggesting that maintaining or restoring a structurally and functionally correct composition of the virome might represent in the near future a promising approach to prevent or cure different human diseases. Although the knowledge of childhood virome is currently very limited, modifications of the virome composition have been associated with several diseases during the pediatric age, such as inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, malnutrition, diarrhea and celiac disease. 
  • 988
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Pig in Pediatric Drug Discovery
Drug therapy in pediatric patients is challenging in view of the maturation of organ systems and processes that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Especially for the youngest age groups and for pediatric-only indications, neonatal and juvenile animal models can be useful to assess drug safety and to better understand the mechanisms of diseases or conditions. In this respect, the use of neonatal and juvenile pigs in the field of pediatric drug discovery and development is promising, although still limited at this point. This study summarizes the comparative postnatal development of pigs and humans and discusses the advantages of the juvenile pig in view of developmental pharmacology, pediatric diseases, drug discovery and drug safety testing. Furthermore, limitations and unexplored aspects of this large animal model are covered. At this point in time, the potential of the neonatal and juvenile pig as nonclinical safety models for pediatric drug development is underexplored.
  • 987
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Galectin-1 in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Galectin-1 is a unique and critical member of the galectin family, characterized by its ability to bind to β-galactoside-containing glycoconjugates. 
  • 985
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Anti-TNFs in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated condition that affects the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence of the disease in children is increasing. However, most clinical trials in this disease have been carried out in adults, and the results have been extrapolated with minimal changes to determine treatment in children. Pediatric IBD (pIBD) is characterized by various factors, including a more severe phenotype than adult diseas. Since IBD is a chronic autoimmune disease, patients diagnosed during childhood live longer with the illness and consequently need treatment for longer. Biological drugs and, more specifically, anti-TNF drugs such as infliximab and adalimumab have proven efficient for treatment of IBD in adults and in children. However, the use of biological drugs differs between children and adults with IBD. For instance, the time between diagnosis and initiation of biological treatment is shorter in children than in adults. In addition, not all the biological drugs approved for adult IBD are approved for children. 
  • 984
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Gastric Hyperplastic Polyps
Gastric hyperplastic polyps (GHP) are frequently found to be benign polyps and have been considered to have a low carcinogenic potential. The characteristics of the hyperplastic polyp-associated gastric cancer (HPAGC) remain unclear. 
  • 983
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Non-Canonical Programmed Cell Death in Colon Cancer
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an evolutionarily conserved process of cell suicide that is regulated by various genes and the interaction of multiple signal pathways. Non-canonical programmed cell death (PCD) represents different signaling excluding apoptosis. Colon cancer is the third most incident and the fourth most mortal worldwide. Multiple factors such as alcohol, obesity, and genetic and epigenetic alternations contribute to the carcinogenesis of colon cancer. The emerging evidence has suggested that diverse types of non-canonical programmed cell death are involved in the initiation and development of colon cancer, including mitotic catastrophe, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, parthanatos, oxeiptosis, NETosis, PANoptosis, and entosis.
  • 981
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Bile Acids in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a spectrum of diseases, the onset and progression of which are due to chronic alcohol use. ALD ranges, by increasing severity, from hepatic steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC), and in some cases, can lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ALD continues to be a significant health burden and is now the main cause of liver transplantations in the United States. ALD leads to biological, microbial, physical, metabolic, and inflammatory changes in patients that vary depending on disease severity. ALD deaths have been increasing in recent years and are projected to continue to increase. Current treatment centers focus on abstinence and symptom management, with little in the way of resolving disease progression. Due to the metabolic disruption and gut dysbiosis in ALD, bile acid (BA) signaling and metabolism are also notably affected and play a prominent role in disease progression in ALD, as well as other liver disease states, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • 976
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Field of Submucosal Endoscopy
Submucosal endoscopy (third-space endoscopy) can be defined as an endoscopic procedure performed in the submucosal space. This procedure is novel and has been utilized for delivery to the submucosal space in a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, such as a tumor, achalasia, gastroparesis, and subepithelial tumors. The main submucosal endoscopy includes peroral endoscopic myotomy, gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy, Zenker peroral endoscopic myotomy, submucosal tunneling for endoscopic resection, and endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection. Submucosal endoscopy has been used as a viable alternative to surgical techniques because it is minimally invasive in the treatment and diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases and disorders.
  • 976
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Role of EPH/Ephrin System in the Pancreas
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major concern for health care systems worldwide, since its mortality remains unaltered despite the surge in cutting-edge science. The EPH/ephrin signaling system was first investigated in the 1980s. EPH/ephrins have been shown to exert bidirectional signaling and cell-to-cell communication, influencing cellular morphology, adhesion, migration and invasion. 
  • 976
  • 04 May 2023
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