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Topic Review
Nucleic Acid Aptamers in Nanotechnology
Nucleic Acid (NA) aptamers are oligonucleotides. They are unique due to their primary (nucleotide sequence) and, therefore, secondary and tertiary structure. The structure of the previous order defines the propensity to form the successive one. In other words, primary (sequence) defines secondary (ability to adopt certain structures at certain conditions). The secondary define the tertiary one by means of affinity and specificity. The length of aptamers is similar to the length of PCR primers, and therefore the technology for the primers manufacturing is useful for aptamers synthesis. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Nogo-A/NgR Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis
Current therapeutics targeting chronic phases of multiple sclerosis (MS) are considerably limited in reversing the neural damage resulting from repeated inflammation and demyelination insults in the multi-focal lesions. This inflammation is propagated by the activation of microglia, the endogenous immune cell aiding in the central nervous system homeostasis. Activated microglia may transition into polarized phenotypes; namely, the classically activated proinflammatory phenotype (previously categorized as M1) and the alternatively activated anti-inflammatory phenotype (previously, M2). These transitional microglial phenotypes are dynamic states, existing as a continuum. Shifting microglial polarization to an anti-inflammatory status may be a potential therapeutic strategy that can be harnessed to limit neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration in MS. 
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
New Opportunities in Glycan Engineering for Therapeutic Proteins
Glycans as sugar polymers are important metabolic, structural, and physiological regulators for cellular and biological functions. They are often classified as critical quality attributes to antibodies and recombinant fusion proteins, given their impacts on the efficacy and safety of biologics drugs
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D3 and Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of death and permanent disability worldwide. The only efficient treatment to date is anticoagulant therapy and thrombectomy, which enable restitution of blood flow to ischemic tissues. Numerous promising neuroprotectants have failed in clinical trials. Given the complex pathomechanism of stroke, a multitarget pharmacotherapy seems a more rational approach in stroke prevention and treatment than drugs acting on single molecular targets. Vitamin D3 has emerged as a potential treatment adjunct for ischemic stroke, as it interferes with the key prosurvival pathways and shows neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, regenerative and anti-aging properties in both neuronal and vascular tissue.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Platelet-Activating Factor Inhibitors as Therapeutics and Preventatives
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) refers to the classical structure reported in 1979, which is a pro-inflammatory phospholipid mediator. PAF mediates a wide variety of cellular functions and cell–cell interactions. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Etiopathogenetic Models on BIA-ALCL
BIA-ALCL is a rare T-cell lymphoma, CD30 positive, ALK-negative usually discovered after the diagnosis of spontaneous periprosthetic seroma or intracapsular mass around the breast implant.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of adult leukemia in the USA and in Europe, with an incidence of approximately 4.2 cases per 100,000 people per year.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Anthocyanins as a Potential Natural Antidiabetic
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by abnormal blood glucose levels-hyperglycemia, caused by a lack of insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or a combination of both. The incidence of DM is increasing, resulting in billions of dollars in annual healthcare costs worldwide. Therapeutics aim to control hyperglycemia and reduce blood glucose levels to normal. However, most modern drugs have numerous side effects, some of which cause severe kidney and liver problems. On the other hand, natural compounds rich in anthocyanidins (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and petunidin) have also been used for the prevention and treatment of DM.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Tenascin-C in Wound Healing
Injury repair is a complex physiological process in which multiple cells and molecules are involved. Tenascin-C (TNC), an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, is essential for angiogenesis during wound healing.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cognitive Remediation Training in Schizophrenia
Cognitive Remediation Training (CRT) in schizophrenia has made great strides since its introduction in the 1990s. CRT was developed with the aim of improving the everyday functioning of individuals living with cognitive impairment.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pre-Diabetic Biomarkers Identification in Progression of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health issue. The development of T2DM is gradual and preceded by the pre-diabetes mellitus (pre-DM) stage, which often remains undiagnosed.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Wound Dressing Materials Loaded with Bioactive Agents
Wound dressing materials based on polymers have attracted much attention in the management of chronic wounds, especially diabetic injuries. Improper treatment of diabetic wounds usually results in amputations. The shortcomings that are related to the currently used wound dressings include poor antimicrobial properties, inability to provide moisture, weak mechanical features, poor biodegradability, and biocompatibility, etc. To overcome the poor mechanical properties, polymer-based wound dressings have been designed from the combination of biopolymers (natural polymers) (e.g., chitosan, alginate, cellulose, chitin, gelatin, etc.) and synthetic polymers (e.g., poly (vinyl alcohol), poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), polylactide, poly-glycolic acid, polyurethanes, etc.) to produce effective hybrid scaffolds for wound management. 
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials and Their Impact on the Immune System
The interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with cells of the immune system and their biomolecule pathways are an area of interest for researchers. It is possible to modify NPs so that they are not recognized by the immune system or so that they suppress or stimulate the immune system in a targeted manner.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
AI Applications in Drug Discovery
The drug discovery and development process is very lengthy, highly expensive, and extremely complex in nature. Considering the time and cost constraints associated with conventional drug discovery, new methods must be found to enhance the declining efficiency of traditional approaches. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool that harnesses anthropomorphic knowledge and provides expedited solutions to complex challenges. Advancements in AI and machine learning (ML) techniques have revolutionized their applications to drug discovery and development. 
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Fusion Imaging in Thermal Ablations
Thermal ablation (TA) procedures are effective treatments for several kinds of cancers. In recent years, several medical imaging advancements have improved the use of image-guided TA.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Monitoring the Redox Status in Multiple Sclerosis
Worldwide, over 2.2 million people suffer from multiple sclerosis (MS), a multifactorial demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. MS is characterized by a wide range of motor, autonomic, and psychobehavioral symptoms, including depression, anxiety, and dementia. The blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and postmortem brain samples of MS patients provide evidence on the disturbance of reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis, such as the alterations of oxidative and antioxidative enzyme activities and the presence of degradation products. 
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Architecture of Chimeric Antigen Receptors
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are artificially generated transgenic cells that express a hybrid in silico designed de novo dimeric immune receptor. The basic architecture of CAR receptors is an extracellular antigen recognition domain, a spacer domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. Each domain of a CAR receptor has been intensively studied and variations have been designed and established successfully. 
  • 998
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Drug Delivery Applications of Biocompatible Ionic Liquids
The development of effective drug formulations and delivery systems for newly developed or marketed drug molecules remains a significant challenge. These drugs can exhibit polymorphic conversion, poor bioavailability, and systemic toxicity, and can be difficult to formulate with traditional organic solvents due to acute toxicity. Ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as solvents that can improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs. ILs can address the operational/functional challenges associated with traditional organic solvents. Biocompatible ILs comprising biocompatible cations and anions mainly derived from bio-renewable sources are considered a green alternative to both conventional ILs and organic/inorganic solvents. 
  • 998
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Potential Inflammatory Biomarker of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that can diminish the quality of life of both children and adults in academic, occupational, and social contexts. The kynurenine pathway (KP) contains a set of enzymatic reactions involved in tryptophan (TRP) degradation. It is known to be associated with the risk of developing ADHD.
  • 997
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Sleep Disorders in Cancer
Sleep disorders, especially insomnia, are very common in different kinds of cancers, but their prevalence and incidence are not well-known. Disturbed sleep in cancer is caused by different reasons and usually appears as a comorbid disorder to different somatic and psychiatric diagnoses, psychological disturbances and treatment methods. There can be many different predictors for sleep disturbances in these vulnerable groups, such as pre-existing sleep disorders, caused by the mental status in cancer or as side effect of the cancer treatment. 
  • 996
  • 13 Dec 2021
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