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Topic Review
Pancreatic Cancer Treatment by Nab-Paclitaxel with Gemcitabine Combination
Pancreatic cancer has one of the highest mortality rates among cancers, and a combination of nab-paclitaxel with gemcitabine remains the cornerstone of first-line therapy. Nab-paclitaxel with gemcitabine in combination with other therapeutic agents can be new treatment strategies in pancreatic cancer. Seven therapeutic agents (ibrutinib, necuparanib, tarextumab, apatorsen, cisplatin, enzalutamide, and momelotinib) are found. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading matters of vision-loss globally. Even though there have been extensive efforts to reduce vision loss, the prevalence of DR is still uprising. There are several pharmacological and surgical therapies currently used in clinics, but none of them has not been used as effective therapies at the early stage of DR.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Alcohol and Head and Neck Cancer
As suggested from recent findings, the role of alcohol in HNC seems to be broader than that of a simple risk factor. In this entry, authors report evidence from past studies to clarify the role of alcohol consumption in head and neck cancer (HNC) onset. Moreover, we further explore the role of oral microbiota, oxidative stress and genetic expression alterations due to alcohol drinking. Although alcohol is not the exclusive risk factor for HNC carcinogenesis, it plays a major role in the etiopathogenesis of both primary tumors and their recurrences, especially by means of ethanol and its metabolic products. Alcohol modifies oral microbiota, enhances intracellular oxidative stress, expose epithelial cells to carcinogens and alters cellular genetic expressions by promoting epigenetic mutations, DNA damage, and inaccurate DNA repair related to the formation of DNA adducts. The relationship between alcohol and HNC has been well established but, unfortunately, there is no clear threshold effect of alcohol for oncogenic patients, so that prevention and monitoring with long-term markers of alcohol consumption (especially those detected in the hair) that relay information on the actual alcohol drinking habits, seem to be the most effective ways to contrast its prevalence (and complications) in HNC drinker-patients. These conclusions seem to be especially important nowadays since, despite the established association between alcohol and HNC, a concerning pattern of alcohol consumption misconducts has been found in both in the general population and HNC  survivors. Interestingly, evidence that we report on HNC etiopathogenesis suggests a key role of polyphenols and alkylating agents for patient management, especially in case of heavy chronic drinkers.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Maxillary Sinusitis of Odontogenic Origin
Sinusitis is defined as inflammation of the sinus mucosal lining epithelium. The etiology of sinusitis might include the common cold, influenza, measles, tumors, and anatomical problems and, in some cases, can be of odontogenic origin. Sinusitis of odontogenic origin was first reported and documented in 1943 by Bauer, with a reported prevalence of around 10%. More recent studies—using three-dimensional imaging devices such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)—identified sinusitis of odontogenic origin in up to 40% of cases. According to Ferguson, odontogenic sinusitis (OS) can be caused by apical periodontitis, periodontal disease, dental implants impinging on the maxillary sinus, or extrusion of dental materials. Patients were found to have a higher risk for postoperative OS when large amounts of bone grafts were used during sinus lifting procedures.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tenascin-C in Wound Healing
Injury repair is a complex physiological process in which multiple cells and molecules are involved. Tenascin-C (TNC), an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, is essential for angiogenesis during wound healing.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nogo-A/NgR Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis
Current therapeutics targeting chronic phases of multiple sclerosis (MS) are considerably limited in reversing the neural damage resulting from repeated inflammation and demyelination insults in the multi-focal lesions. This inflammation is propagated by the activation of microglia, the endogenous immune cell aiding in the central nervous system homeostasis. Activated microglia may transition into polarized phenotypes; namely, the classically activated proinflammatory phenotype (previously categorized as M1) and the alternatively activated anti-inflammatory phenotype (previously, M2). These transitional microglial phenotypes are dynamic states, existing as a continuum. Shifting microglial polarization to an anti-inflammatory status may be a potential therapeutic strategy that can be harnessed to limit neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration in MS. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of adult leukemia in the USA and in Europe, with an incidence of approximately 4.2 cases per 100,000 people per year.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Porous Nanomaterials in Bone Regeneration
Porous nanomaterials (PNMs) are nanomaterials with a porous structure and high surface ratio, which are widely used in the fields of biomedical engineering such as bone regeneration, drug delivery, cell trace, and regulation of cell differentiation.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D3 and Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of death and permanent disability worldwide. The only efficient treatment to date is anticoagulant therapy and thrombectomy, which enable restitution of blood flow to ischemic tissues. Numerous promising neuroprotectants have failed in clinical trials. Given the complex pathomechanism of stroke, a multitarget pharmacotherapy seems a more rational approach in stroke prevention and treatment than drugs acting on single molecular targets. Vitamin D3 has emerged as a potential treatment adjunct for ischemic stroke, as it interferes with the key prosurvival pathways and shows neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, regenerative and anti-aging properties in both neuronal and vascular tissue.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
New Opportunities in Glycan Engineering for Therapeutic Proteins
Glycans as sugar polymers are important metabolic, structural, and physiological regulators for cellular and biological functions. They are often classified as critical quality attributes to antibodies and recombinant fusion proteins, given their impacts on the efficacy and safety of biologics drugs
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nucleic Acid Aptamers in Nanotechnology
Nucleic Acid (NA) aptamers are oligonucleotides. They are unique due to their primary (nucleotide sequence) and, therefore, secondary and tertiary structure. The structure of the previous order defines the propensity to form the successive one. In other words, primary (sequence) defines secondary (ability to adopt certain structures at certain conditions). The secondary define the tertiary one by means of affinity and specificity. The length of aptamers is similar to the length of PCR primers, and therefore the technology for the primers manufacturing is useful for aptamers synthesis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Sleep Disorders in Cancer
Sleep disorders, especially insomnia, are very common in different kinds of cancers, but their prevalence and incidence are not well-known. Disturbed sleep in cancer is caused by different reasons and usually appears as a comorbid disorder to different somatic and psychiatric diagnoses, psychological disturbances and treatment methods. There can be many different predictors for sleep disturbances in these vulnerable groups, such as pre-existing sleep disorders, caused by the mental status in cancer or as side effect of the cancer treatment. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Methocinnamox in Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
Methocinnamox (MCAM) is a novel mu opioid receptor antagonist with an extended duration of action. MCAM has potential to reduce the burden of the opioid epidemic by being used as an overdose rescue treatment and a long-term treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). The currently available treatments for OUD include naloxone, naltrexone, and methadone. These treatments have certain limitations, which include short duration of action, patient non-compliance, and diversion. MCAM could potentially be used as both a rescue and long-term treatment for opioid misuse. This is due to its pseudo-irreversible antagonism of the mu opioid receptor, abnormally long duration of action of nearly two weeks, and the possibility of using kappa or delta opioid receptor agonists for pain management during OUD treatment. MCAM’s novel pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties open a new avenue for treating opioid misuse.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Metallo-Drugs in Cancer Therapy
Cancer treatments which include conventional chemotherapy have not proven very successful in curing human malignancies. The failures of these treatment modalities include inherent resistance, systemic toxicity and severe side effects. Out of 50% patients administrated to chemotherapy, only 5% survive. 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Drug Delivery Applications of Biocompatible Ionic Liquids
The development of effective drug formulations and delivery systems for newly developed or marketed drug molecules remains a significant challenge. These drugs can exhibit polymorphic conversion, poor bioavailability, and systemic toxicity, and can be difficult to formulate with traditional organic solvents due to acute toxicity. Ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as solvents that can improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs. ILs can address the operational/functional challenges associated with traditional organic solvents. Biocompatible ILs comprising biocompatible cations and anions mainly derived from bio-renewable sources are considered a green alternative to both conventional ILs and organic/inorganic solvents. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
mRNA and Synthesis-Based Therapeutic Proteins
Recombinant technology has been around for nearly three-quarters of a century and has revolutionized protein therapy. However, the cost of developing recombinant therapeutic proteins and the manufacturing infrastructure keep their cost unaffordable for most patients. Proteins are produced in the body via messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. This process can be readily replicated by administering a chemical nucleic acid product to manufacture the same protein recombinantly. The progress made in creating these proteins ex vivo in a cell-free system also offers a lower-cost option to produce therapeutic proteins.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Using Nanoparticles in Local Delivery to Cochlea
Hearing loss negatively impacts the well-being of millions of people worldwide. Systemic delivery of ototherapeutics has limited efficacy due to severe systemic side effects and the presence of the blood–labyrinth barrier that selectively limits or enables transfer of molecules between plasma and inner ear tissues and fluids. Local drug delivery into the middle and inner ear would be preferable for many newly emerging classes of drugs. Although the cochlea is a challenging target for drug delivery, recent technologies could provide a safe and efficacious delivery of ototherapeutics. Local drug delivery routes include topical delivery via the external auditory meatus, retroauricular, transtympanic, and intracochlear delivery. 
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Wound Dressing Materials Loaded with Bioactive Agents
Wound dressing materials based on polymers have attracted much attention in the management of chronic wounds, especially diabetic injuries. Improper treatment of diabetic wounds usually results in amputations. The shortcomings that are related to the currently used wound dressings include poor antimicrobial properties, inability to provide moisture, weak mechanical features, poor biodegradability, and biocompatibility, etc. To overcome the poor mechanical properties, polymer-based wound dressings have been designed from the combination of biopolymers (natural polymers) (e.g., chitosan, alginate, cellulose, chitin, gelatin, etc.) and synthetic polymers (e.g., poly (vinyl alcohol), poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), polylactide, poly-glycolic acid, polyurethanes, etc.) to produce effective hybrid scaffolds for wound management. 
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Protein Variants in Cancer-Related Genes
Large scale genome sequencing allowed the identification of a massive number of genetic variations, whose impact on human health is still unknown. In this entry we analyze, by an in silico-based strategy, the impact of missense variants on cancer-related genes, whose effect on protein stability and function was experimentally determined. We collected a set of 164 variants from 11 proteins to analyze the impact of missense mutations at structural and functional levels, and to assess the performance of state-of-the-art methods (FoldX and Meta-SNP) for predicting protein stability change and pathogenicity. 
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Immunomodulatory Role of Cell-Free DNA
The basic function of the immune system is the protection of the host against infections, along with the preservation of the individual antigenic identity. The process of self-tolerance covers the discrimination between self and foreign antigens, including proteins, nucleic acids, and larger molecules. Consequently, a broken immunological self-tolerance results in the development of autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders. Immunocompetent cells express pattern-recognition receptors on their cell membrane and cytoplasm. The majority of endogenous DNA is located intracellularly within nuclei and mitochondria. Extracellular, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can also be detected in a variety of diseases, which has sparked interest in using cfDNA as a possible biomarker. The widespread use of liquid biopsies and the increasing demand for screening, as well as monitoring disease activity and therapy response, have enabled the revival of cfDNA research.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Nov 2022
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