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Topic Review
Molecular Architecture of Chimeric Antigen Receptors
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are artificially generated transgenic cells that express a hybrid in silico designed de novo dimeric immune receptor. The basic architecture of CAR receptors is an extracellular antigen recognition domain, a spacer domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. Each domain of a CAR receptor has been intensively studied and variations have been designed and established successfully. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Kynurenines in Major Neurocognitive Disorders
Worldwide, 50 million people suffer from dementia, a group of symptoms affecting cognitive and social functions, progressing severely enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for most of the dementia cases. Pathological and clinical findings have led to proposing several hypotheses of AD pathogenesis, finding a presence of positive feedback loops and additionally observing the disturbance of a branch of tryptophan metabolism, the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. Either causative or resultant of dementia, elevated levels of neurotoxic KYN metabolites are observed, potentially upregulating multiple feedback loops of AD pathogenesis. Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamatergic receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, which belongs to one of only two classes of medications approved for clinical use, but other NMDAR modulators have been explored so far in vain. An endogenous KYN pathway metabolite, kynurenic acid (KYNA), likewise inhibits the excitotoxic NMDAR. Besides its anti-excitotoxicity, KYNA is a multitarget compound that triggers anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Modifying the KYNA level is a potential multitarget strategy to normalize the disturbed KYN pathway and thus to alleviate juxtaposing AD pathogeneses.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pancreatic Cancer Treatment by Nab-Paclitaxel with Gemcitabine Combination
Pancreatic cancer has one of the highest mortality rates among cancers, and a combination of nab-paclitaxel with gemcitabine remains the cornerstone of first-line therapy. Nab-paclitaxel with gemcitabine in combination with other therapeutic agents can be new treatment strategies in pancreatic cancer. Seven therapeutic agents (ibrutinib, necuparanib, tarextumab, apatorsen, cisplatin, enzalutamide, and momelotinib) are found. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading matters of vision-loss globally. Even though there have been extensive efforts to reduce vision loss, the prevalence of DR is still uprising. There are several pharmacological and surgical therapies currently used in clinics, but none of them has not been used as effective therapies at the early stage of DR.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Porous Nanomaterials in Bone Regeneration
Porous nanomaterials (PNMs) are nanomaterials with a porous structure and high surface ratio, which are widely used in the fields of biomedical engineering such as bone regeneration, drug delivery, cell trace, and regulation of cell differentiation.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nogo-A/NgR Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis
Current therapeutics targeting chronic phases of multiple sclerosis (MS) are considerably limited in reversing the neural damage resulting from repeated inflammation and demyelination insults in the multi-focal lesions. This inflammation is propagated by the activation of microglia, the endogenous immune cell aiding in the central nervous system homeostasis. Activated microglia may transition into polarized phenotypes; namely, the classically activated proinflammatory phenotype (previously categorized as M1) and the alternatively activated anti-inflammatory phenotype (previously, M2). These transitional microglial phenotypes are dynamic states, existing as a continuum. Shifting microglial polarization to an anti-inflammatory status may be a potential therapeutic strategy that can be harnessed to limit neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration in MS. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of adult leukemia in the USA and in Europe, with an incidence of approximately 4.2 cases per 100,000 people per year.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D3 and Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of death and permanent disability worldwide. The only efficient treatment to date is anticoagulant therapy and thrombectomy, which enable restitution of blood flow to ischemic tissues. Numerous promising neuroprotectants have failed in clinical trials. Given the complex pathomechanism of stroke, a multitarget pharmacotherapy seems a more rational approach in stroke prevention and treatment than drugs acting on single molecular targets. Vitamin D3 has emerged as a potential treatment adjunct for ischemic stroke, as it interferes with the key prosurvival pathways and shows neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, regenerative and anti-aging properties in both neuronal and vascular tissue.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tenascin-C in Wound Healing
Injury repair is a complex physiological process in which multiple cells and molecules are involved. Tenascin-C (TNC), an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, is essential for angiogenesis during wound healing.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sleep Disorders in Cancer
Sleep disorders, especially insomnia, are very common in different kinds of cancers, but their prevalence and incidence are not well-known. Disturbed sleep in cancer is caused by different reasons and usually appears as a comorbid disorder to different somatic and psychiatric diagnoses, psychological disturbances and treatment methods. There can be many different predictors for sleep disturbances in these vulnerable groups, such as pre-existing sleep disorders, caused by the mental status in cancer or as side effect of the cancer treatment. 
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
New Opportunities in Glycan Engineering for Therapeutic Proteins
Glycans as sugar polymers are important metabolic, structural, and physiological regulators for cellular and biological functions. They are often classified as critical quality attributes to antibodies and recombinant fusion proteins, given their impacts on the efficacy and safety of biologics drugs
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nucleic Acid Aptamers in Nanotechnology
Nucleic Acid (NA) aptamers are oligonucleotides. They are unique due to their primary (nucleotide sequence) and, therefore, secondary and tertiary structure. The structure of the previous order defines the propensity to form the successive one. In other words, primary (sequence) defines secondary (ability to adopt certain structures at certain conditions). The secondary define the tertiary one by means of affinity and specificity. The length of aptamers is similar to the length of PCR primers, and therefore the technology for the primers manufacturing is useful for aptamers synthesis. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Methocinnamox in Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
Methocinnamox (MCAM) is a novel mu opioid receptor antagonist with an extended duration of action. MCAM has potential to reduce the burden of the opioid epidemic by being used as an overdose rescue treatment and a long-term treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). The currently available treatments for OUD include naloxone, naltrexone, and methadone. These treatments have certain limitations, which include short duration of action, patient non-compliance, and diversion. MCAM could potentially be used as both a rescue and long-term treatment for opioid misuse. This is due to its pseudo-irreversible antagonism of the mu opioid receptor, abnormally long duration of action of nearly two weeks, and the possibility of using kappa or delta opioid receptor agonists for pain management during OUD treatment. MCAM’s novel pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties open a new avenue for treating opioid misuse.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Metallo-Drugs in Cancer Therapy
Cancer treatments which include conventional chemotherapy have not proven very successful in curing human malignancies. The failures of these treatment modalities include inherent resistance, systemic toxicity and severe side effects. Out of 50% patients administrated to chemotherapy, only 5% survive. 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
mRNA and Synthesis-Based Therapeutic Proteins
Recombinant technology has been around for nearly three-quarters of a century and has revolutionized protein therapy. However, the cost of developing recombinant therapeutic proteins and the manufacturing infrastructure keep their cost unaffordable for most patients. Proteins are produced in the body via messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. This process can be readily replicated by administering a chemical nucleic acid product to manufacture the same protein recombinantly. The progress made in creating these proteins ex vivo in a cell-free system also offers a lower-cost option to produce therapeutic proteins.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Protein Variants in Cancer-Related Genes
Large scale genome sequencing allowed the identification of a massive number of genetic variations, whose impact on human health is still unknown. In this entry we analyze, by an in silico-based strategy, the impact of missense variants on cancer-related genes, whose effect on protein stability and function was experimentally determined. We collected a set of 164 variants from 11 proteins to analyze the impact of missense mutations at structural and functional levels, and to assess the performance of state-of-the-art methods (FoldX and Meta-SNP) for predicting protein stability change and pathogenicity. 
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Immunomodulatory Role of Cell-Free DNA
The basic function of the immune system is the protection of the host against infections, along with the preservation of the individual antigenic identity. The process of self-tolerance covers the discrimination between self and foreign antigens, including proteins, nucleic acids, and larger molecules. Consequently, a broken immunological self-tolerance results in the development of autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders. Immunocompetent cells express pattern-recognition receptors on their cell membrane and cytoplasm. The majority of endogenous DNA is located intracellularly within nuclei and mitochondria. Extracellular, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can also be detected in a variety of diseases, which has sparked interest in using cfDNA as a possible biomarker. The widespread use of liquid biopsies and the increasing demand for screening, as well as monitoring disease activity and therapy response, have enabled the revival of cfDNA research.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Etiopathogenetic Models on BIA-ALCL
BIA-ALCL is a rare T-cell lymphoma, CD30 positive, ALK-negative usually discovered after the diagnosis of spontaneous periprosthetic seroma or intracapsular mass around the breast implant.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Drug Delivery Applications of Biocompatible Ionic Liquids
The development of effective drug formulations and delivery systems for newly developed or marketed drug molecules remains a significant challenge. These drugs can exhibit polymorphic conversion, poor bioavailability, and systemic toxicity, and can be difficult to formulate with traditional organic solvents due to acute toxicity. Ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as solvents that can improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs. ILs can address the operational/functional challenges associated with traditional organic solvents. Biocompatible ILs comprising biocompatible cations and anions mainly derived from bio-renewable sources are considered a green alternative to both conventional ILs and organic/inorganic solvents. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cognitive Remediation Training in Schizophrenia
Cognitive Remediation Training (CRT) in schizophrenia has made great strides since its introduction in the 1990s. CRT was developed with the aim of improving the everyday functioning of individuals living with cognitive impairment.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Feb 2022
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