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Topic Review
Community
Community refers to a social group or a gathering of people who share common interests, values, beliefs, or goals and who interact with each other within a specific geographic area or virtual space. Communities can take various forms and sizes, ranging from small, close-knit neighborhoods to large, global online communities. Whether formed around geographic proximity, cultural ties, or common hobbies, communities play a vital role in shaping social interactions, providing support, and contributing to the overall well-being of individuals. Recognizing the significance of communities is essential for fostering a sense of connection, understanding, and shared humanity in the complex fabric of human societies.
  • 4.9K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Extracellular Matrix and Its Artificial Substitutes
The existence of orderly structures such as tissues and organs is made possible by cell adhesion, i.e. the process by which cells attach to neighbouring cells and a supporting substance in the form of the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is a three-dimensional structure composed of collagens, elastin and various proteoglycans and glycoproteins. It is a storehouse for multiple signalling factors. Tissue disruption often prevents the natural reconstitution of the matrix. The use of appropriate implants is then required. The possibilities of regenerating damaged tissues using an artificial matrix substitute are described, detailing the host response to the implant. An important issue is the surface properties of such an implant and the possibilities of their modification.
  • 4.9K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Application of Natural Coagulants in Water Treatment
The most popular and conventional method for water treatment (WT)  is the use of chemical-based coagulants including ferric chloride (FeCl3), alum (AlCl3), synthetic polymers (polyacrylamide), and poly aluminum. However, the use of this approach is not sustainable as it leads to the production of a large volume of non-biodegradable sludge. Natural coagulants, on the other hand, serve as an alternative sustainable strategy for the removal of turbidity and WT, as they are cheap, safe, and biodegradable. Natural coagulants are derived from three major sources, which include plants, animals, and microorganisms.
  • 4.9K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
South Korean Transitional Periods from Imitation to Innovation
The technology transfer and development model of South Korea is unique. After other countries refused to license and transfer modern technologies to this country, Korea resorted to its national research system to add innovative content to its imitative products. 
  • 4.9K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) involves the utilization of microbes and their by-products, such as biosurfactants, biopolymers, biogenic acids, solvents, biogases, biomass, and emulsifiers, to stimulate the production of oil by mobilizing residual reserves.
  • 4.9K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Digital Image Watermarking Techniques
Image authentication is an extremely significant concern for the digital revolution, as it is easy to alter any image. In the last few decades, it has been an urgent concern for researchers to ensure the authenticity of digital images. Based on the desired applications, several suitable watermarking techniques have been developed to mitigate this concern. However, it is tough to achieve a watermarking system that is simultaneously robust and secure. This paper gives details of standard watermarking system frameworks and lists some standard requirements that are used in designing watermarking techniques for several distinct applications. The current trends of digital image watermarking techniques are also reviewed to find state-of-the-art methods and their limitations. Some conventional attacks are discussed, and future research directions are given.
  • 4.9K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Christianity and Theosophy
Christianity and Theosophy, for more than a hundred years, have had a "complex and sometimes troubled" relationship. The Christian faith was the native religion of the great majority of Western Theosophists, but many came to Theosophy through a process of opposition to Christianity. According to professor Robert S. Ellwood, "the whole matter has been a divisive issue within Theosophy."
  • 4.9K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Smart City Planning
The smart city concept is established as those “cities with an intelligent economic, institutional, social and physical infrastructure, which ensure the centralization of their citizens in a sustainable environment”, this being a great challenge to achieve.
  • 4.9K
  • 06 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Video Games in Education
This page includes some history of video games being used as an additional or alternative method to traditional education. This page presents why using video games are beneficial to use for educational purposes in the classroom as well as the limitations. This page additionally discusses how learning from video games outside the classroom is possible as well.
  • 4.9K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Titin and Muscle Atrophy
Titin, also called connectin, is a giant sarcomere protein, which functions as a spring for muscle extension and elasticity. Titin interconnects the contraction of actin-containing thin filaments and myosin-containing thick filaments. Recently, the N-terminal fragment of titin, which is the breakdown product of titin, has become measurable using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (27900 titin N-fragment Assay Kit; Immuno-Biological Laboratories, Fujioka, Japan). This kit has been used to evaluate muscle breakdown in muscle dystrophy, in which the level of urinary titin N-fragment was 700-times above the normal level.
  • 4.9K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Dead Cas Systems
The gene editing tool CRISPR-Cas has become the foundation for developing numerous molecular systems used in research and, increasingly, in medical practice. In particular, Cas proteins devoid of nucleolytic activity (dead Cas proteins; dCas) can be used to deliver functional cargo to programmed sites in the genome. In this review, we describe current CRISPR systems used for developing different dCas-based molecular approaches and summarize their most significant applications
  • 4.9K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Effects of Pornography on Relationships
Many individuals perceive pornography to have a negative effect on interpersonal relationships, satisfaction, and sexual functioning; however, findings on the topic are mixed. Pornography has never been so widely and universally accessible as it is today. As such, the consumption of pornography is on the rise, for both men and women. This unlimited access changes not only how individuals consume pornography, but how pornography can affect individuals and relationships. Pornography can impact many aspects of an individual’s life, and it is important to understand just what these effects are, as well as the extent to which these effects can reach.
  • 4.9K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Biography
Taftazani
Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani (Persian: سعدالدین مسعودبن عمربن عبداللّه هروی خراسانی تفتازانی‎) also known as Al-Taftazani and Taftazani (1322[1]–1390[2]) was a Muslim Persian[3][4][5] polymath.[6] He also wrote a commentary on the Qur'an in Persian called "Kashf-al-Asrar".[2][7] Al-Taftazani was born in 1322 in Tafta
  • 4.9K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Revitalization of Fishing Village Tourism
Fishing villages and oceans offer various resources and include excellent natural environments and unique cultures that can make such villages attractive spaces to meet the health, culture, and environmental needs of individuals. However, as society has developed and the environment has changed, the catch, which is the major source of income in fishing villages, has declined significantly worldwide, making it difficult to address regional economic issues. Fishing villages that have lost their ability to survive are gradually facing extinction, and there are real problems linked to the survival of fishing communities. Rural areas, in a similar manner to fishing villages, are incorporating tourism in regional development in an attempt to solve the crisis of agriculture, which has itself lost the ability to support entire villages. As a result, tourism has come to be recognized as a representative means of revitalizing rural areas. 
  • 4.9K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Domain Fronting
Domain fronting is a technique for Internet censorship circumvention that uses different domain names in different communication layers of an HTTPS connection to discreetly connect to a different target domain than is discernable to third parties monitoring the requests and connections. Due to quirks in security certificates, the redirect systems of the content delivery networks (CDNs) used as 'domain fronts', and the protection provided by HTTPS, censors are typically unable to differentiate circumvention ("domain-fronted") traffic from overt non-fronted traffic for any given domain name. As such they are forced to either allow all traffic to the domain front—including circumvention traffic—or block the domain front entirely, which may result in expensive collateral damage and has been likened to "blocking the rest of the Internet".[note 1] Domain fronting does not conform to HTTP standards that require the SNI extension and HTTP Host header to contain the same domain. Large cloud service providers, including Amazon and Google, now actively prohibit domain fronting, which has made it "largely non-viable"[note 1] as a censorship bypass technique.
  • 4.9K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lignocellulosic biomass (LC biomass)
      Bioenergy represents energy from biomass and plays an important role in promoting renewable alternatives. LC biomass is one of the most generous renewable bioresources in nature containing lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses. Lignocellulosic materials are the best sources used for biofuel production, such as biogas, and include residues from agriculture and forests, energy crops, and municipal and food waste. According to the latest statistical report for biogas, in Europe, almost 72% of the feedstocks used in the anaerobic digestion (AD) process for biogas production come from the agricultural sector, such as energy crops, manure, and other agricultural residues. The main issue of using lignocellulosic (LC) biomass for the biogas production is biomass recalcitrance, which represents biomass resistance to chemical and biological breakdown.
  • 4.9K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Probabilistic Slope Stability Evaluation
Evaluating the stability of slopes in soil is an important, interesting, and challenging aspect of civil engineering. Despite the advances that have been made, evaluating the stability of slopes remains a challenge. Slope failures are often caused by processes that increase shear stresses or decrease shear strengths of the soil mass [4, 9]. Water plays a role in many of the processes that reduce strength; water is also involved in many types of loads on slopes that increase shear stresses. Another factor involved in most slope failures is the presence of soils that contain clay minerals. In concept, any slope with a factor of safety above 1.0 should be stable [6, 10]. In practice, however, the level of stability is seldom considered acceptable unless the factor of safety is significantly greater than 1.0. In this study an attempt has been done to perform stability analyses corresponding to several different conditions, reflecting different stages in the life of the new railway embankment found in Ethiopia. As various parameters are involved and determined based on correlations, the probabilistic approach was employed to scrutinize the effects of uncertainty on the likelihood of failure. There is no problem with performing a single analysis in which the embankment is considered to be drained and is treated in terms of effective stresses, and in which the clay foundation material is considered to be undrained and is treated in terms of total stresses (during end-of-construction analysis). This is because equilibrium in terms of total stresses must be satisfied for both total and effective stress analyses [2]. The inertia slope stability analysis was used. Since the foundation materials are overconsolidated cohesive soils such as stiff to very stiff clays that tend to dilate during the seismic shaking. The embankment is also expected to be well graded compacted granular material [12]. The critical factor of safety for the railway embankment during short term analysis was found to be 2.199. However, it has increased by 17.6% during the long term analysis (i.e., 2.585). Typical minimum factor of safety used in slope design are about 1.5 for normal long-term loading conditions and about 1.3 for end-of- construction conditions.  Apart from that, the minimum short term and long term factor of safety were reduced by 44.5% and 35.9% respectively, due to the introduction of the horizontal seismic load in the limit equilibrium analysis. According to Hynes-Griffin and Franklin (1984) criteria [8] the minimum factor of safety for ~1m tolerable displacement is 1. However, the minimum factor of safety during the pseudostatic analysis (i.e., 1.221) was found to be 22% higher than the required minimum factor of safety. Beside, Newmark’s deformation analysis has been done to predict slope displacement. However, the analysis predicted zero permanent slope displacement. Since; the Newmark (1965) method assumes no deformation of the slope during the earthquake if the pseudostatic factor of safety is greater than 1.0. The more realistic probability of failure is likely in between of 0% and 6.9 %. The sensitivity analysis showed that, the cohesion of the clay layer (i.e., layer II) governs the stability of the railway embankment.
  • 4.9K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Application of Microalgae in Cosmetics
Microalgae produce a number of secondary metabolites with anti-inflammatory, anti-blemish and antimicrobial activities. Certain microalgal extracts such as Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Dunaliella salina can be used for repairing skin aging, healing and preventing wrinkle formation. The microalgae or its components’ activity is the basis for the creation of several commercially available cosmetics and cosmeceuticals.
  • 4.9K
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Rotating Packed Beds
In this study, a comprehensive review was conducted of the process intensification equipment used for gas absorption processes, which are known as rotating packed beds (RPB) or HiGee contactors. Using centrifugal acceleration in RPBs intensifies the MT coefficient, and this leads to a reduction in the packing volume and energy consumption in comparison with packed beds. The gas velocity and flow area change radially in RPBs; therefore, MT coefficients change from point to point in contactors, but there is no general theory for this, and the prediction of MT coefficients in RPBs is theoretically complicated.
  • 4.9K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Thermal Inkjet Printing
Inkjet printing technologies have advanced significantly and found several applications in the pharmaceutical and biomedical sector. Thermal inkjet printing is one of the most widely used techniques due to its versatility in the development of bioinks for cell printing or biosensors, and the potential to fabricate personalized medications of various forms such as films and tablets.
  • 4.9K
  • 02 Nov 2022
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