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Topic Review
Titin and Muscle Atrophy
Titin, also called connectin, is a giant sarcomere protein, which functions as a spring for muscle extension and elasticity. Titin interconnects the contraction of actin-containing thin filaments and myosin-containing thick filaments. Recently, the N-terminal fragment of titin, which is the breakdown product of titin, has become measurable using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (27900 titin N-fragment Assay Kit; Immuno-Biological Laboratories, Fujioka, Japan). This kit has been used to evaluate muscle breakdown in muscle dystrophy, in which the level of urinary titin N-fragment was 700-times above the normal level.
  • 5.0K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Honey Badger
The Honey Badger (Mellivora capensis) is a remarkable mammal renowned for its ferocity, tenacity, and resilience in the face of adversity. Native to Africa, Southwest Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, this species is known for its distinctive black and white fur and its fearless reputation as a formidable predator and scavenger. Despite its small size, the Honey Badger's aggressive behavior, sharp claws, and powerful jaws make it a force to be reckoned with in its natural habitat.
  • 5.0K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Proto-Philippine
The Proto-Philippine language is a reconstructed ancestral proto-language of the Philippine languages, a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian languages which includes all languages within the Philippines (except for the Sama–Bajaw languages) as well as those within the northern portions of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Proto-Philippine is not directly attested to in any written work, but linguistic reconstruction by the comparative method has found regular similarities among languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or word-borrowing.
  • 5.0K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Odor Measurement Methods
Odor pollution related to industrial activities (e.g., chemical industries, oil and gas extraction and refining facilities, waste treatment and disposal facilities) is nowadays acknowledged as a serious environmental concern. Indeed, odors are currently subjected to control and regulation in many countries. Such regulations rely on the possibility of measuring odors. The methods that have been developed and standardized over the last years to measure odors, thereby including sensorial and instrumental techniques, are here described, thereby focusing on their applicability and limitations.
  • 5.0K
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
North–South Commuter Railway
The North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR), also known as the Clark–Calamba Railway, is a 148 km (92 mi) urban rail transit line being constructed in Luzon. It will run from New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac to Calamba, Laguna with 36 stations, with historic stations to be restored. Originally planned in the 1990s, the project has been repetitively halted after disagreements on funding and allegations of overpricing. The first proposal was the 32 km (20 mi) "Manila–Clark rapid railway" with Spain, and during the 2000s, the NorthRail project with China that was discontinued in 2011. The present line is under the Duterte administration and is to be aided with Japanese financing. It was initially reported to have a total length of 180 km (110 mi), though it was reduced to 148 kilometers (92 mi) after a segment to Los Baños was scrapped. The railway system is expected to cost ₱777.55 billion (US$14.95 billion), making it one of the most expensive projects of the Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Program. Partial operations will begin by 2021, and full operations is expected to begin by 2025. The NSCR will comprise two sections corresponding to the Philippine National Railways' old main lines; the 91 km (57 mi) fully-elevated NSCR North which is being built over the mostly-defunct North Main Line in northern Metro Manila and Central Luzon, and the 56 km (35 mi) NSCR South which will use the existing PNR Metro Commuter Line infrastructure between Tutuban and Calamba, which were historically parts of the South Main Line and will have elevated, at-grade and depressed sections. The project's construction is divided into three phases with the NSCR North being separated between the 38 km (24 mi) NSCR North 1 commuter line between Tutuban and Malolos, and the 53 kilometres (33 mi) NSCR North 2 regional line from Malolos to New Clark City. It will also be linked to existing and future railway lines such as Line 8, Line 9, the Calamba–Bicol South Main Line and Calamba–Batangas City Railway.
  • 5.0K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Strain
In chemistry, a molecule experiences strain when its chemical structure undergoes some stress which raises its internal energy in comparison to a strain-free reference compound. The internal energy of a molecule consists of all the energy stored within it. A strained molecule has an additional amount of internal energy which an unstrained molecule does not. This extra internal energy, or strain energy, can be likened to a compressed spring. Much like a compressed spring must be held in place to prevent release of its potential energy, a molecule can be held in an energetically unfavorable conformation by the bonds within that molecule. Without the bonds holding the conformation in place, the strain energy would be released.
  • 5.0K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nanotyrannus
Nanotyrannus ("dwarf tyrant") is a likely invalid genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur. It is known from only a single certain specimen, CMNH 7541, that was originally proposed to be a distinct genus based on a handful of cranial and postcranial features. It has since been suggested to be juvenile of the contemporary species Tyrannosaurus rex, based on a lack of mature specimens and the proposed diagnostic traits being variable within the species, a conclusion that is not universally accepted.
  • 5.0K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Drone Detection and Defense Systems
Drones are small and low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). With the decrease in the cost and size of drones in recent years, their number has also increased exponentially. As such, the concerns regarding security aspects that are raised by their presence are also becoming more serious.
  • 5.0K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dome C
Dome C, also known as Dome Circe, Dome Charlie or Dome Concordia, located at Antarctica at an elevation of 3,233 metres (10,607 ft) above sea level, is one of several summits or "domes" of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Dome C is located on the Antarctic Plateau, 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) inland from the French research station at Dumont D'Urville, 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) inland from the Australian Casey Station and 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) inland from the Italian Zucchelli station at Terra Nova Bay. Russia's Vostok Station is 560 kilometres (350 mi) away. Dome C is the site of the Concordia Research Station, jointly operated by France and Italy.
  • 5.0K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
EBV Lytic Induction therapy
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic induction therapy is an emerging virus-targeted therapeutic approach that exploits the presence of EBV in tumor cells to confer specific killing effects against EBV-associated malignancies. Efforts have been made in the past years to uncover the mechanisms of EBV latent-lytic switch and discover different classes of chemical compounds that can reactivate the EBV lytic cycle. Despite the growing list of compounds showing potential to be used in the lytic induction therapy, only a few are being tested in clinical trials with varying degrees of success. This review will summarize the current knowledge on EBV lytic reactivation, the major hurdles of translating the lytic induction therapy into clinical settings and highlight some potential strategies in the future development of this therapy for EBV-related lymphoid and epithelial malignancies.
  • 4.9K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
South Korean Transitional Periods from Imitation to Innovation
The technology transfer and development model of South Korea is unique. After other countries refused to license and transfer modern technologies to this country, Korea resorted to its national research system to add innovative content to its imitative products. 
  • 4.9K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Shielding of Cosmic Radiation by Fibrous Materials
Cosmic radiation belongs to the challenges engineers have to deal with when further developing space travel. Besides the severe risks for humans due to high-energy particles or waves, the impact of cosmic radiation on electronics and diverse materials cannot be neglected, even in microsatellites or other unmanned spacecraft. Here, we explain the different particles or waves found in cosmic radiation and their potential impact on biological and inanimate matter.
  • 4.9K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Epoxide Synthesis and Ring-Opening Reactions
This entry concentrates on some examples of success stories from the synthesis of approved medicines and drug candidates using epoxide chemistry in the development of robust and efficient syntheses at large scale. The focus is on those parts of each synthesis related to the substrate-controlled/diastereoselective and catalytic asymmetric synthesis of epoxide intermediates and their subsequent ring-opening reactions with various nucleophiles. These are described in the form of case studies of high profile pharmaceuticals spanning a diverse range of indications and molecular scaffolds such as heterocycles, terpenes, steroids, peptidomimetics, alkaloids and main stream small molecules. Representative examples include, but are not limited to the antihypertensive diltiazem, the antidepressant reboxetine, the HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir and indinavir, efinaconazole and related triazole antifungals, tasimelteon for sleep disorders, the anticancer agent carfilzomib, the anticoagulant rivaroxaban the antibiotic linezolid and the antiviral oseltamivir. Emphasis is given on aspects of catalytic asymmetric epoxidation employing metals with chiral ligands particularly with the Sharpless and Jacobsen–Katsuki methods as well as organocatalysts such as the chiral ketones of Shi and Yang, Pages's chiral iminium salts and typical chiral phase transfer agents.
  • 4.9K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Spider Silk with Inorganic Nanomaterials
High-performance functional biomaterials are becoming increasingly requested. Numerous natural and artificial polymers have already demonstrated their ability to serve as a basis for bio-composites. Spider silk offers a unique combination of desirable aspects such as biocompatibility, extraordinary mechanical properties, and tunable biodegradability, which are superior to those of most natural and engineered materials. Modifying spider silk with various inorganic nanomaterials with specific properties has led to the development of the hybrid materials with improved functionality. The purpose of using these inorganic nanomaterials is primarily due to their chemical nature, enhanced by large surface areas and quantum size phenomena. Functional properties of nanoparticles can be implemented to macro-scale components to produce silk-based hybrid materials, while spider silk fibers can serve as a matrix to combine the benefits of the functional components. Therefore, it is not surprising that hybrid materials based on spider silk and inorganic nanomaterials are considered extremely promising for potentially attractive applications in various fields, from optics and photonics to tissue regeneration. This review summarizes and discusses evidence of the use of various kinds of inorganic compounds in spider silk modification intended for a multitude of applications. It also provides an insight into approaches for obtaining hybrid silk-based materials via 3D printing.
  • 4.9K
  • 29 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Boeing 787 Dreamliner Battery Problems
In 2013, the second year of service for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, a widebody jet airliner and several aircraft suffered from electrical system problems stemming from its lithium-ion batteries. Incidents included an electrical fire aboard an All Nippon Airways 787 and a similar fire found by maintenance workers on a parked Japan Airlines 787 at Boston's Logan International Airport. The United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ordered a review into the design and manufacture of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, followed by a full grounding of the entire Boeing 787 fleet, the first such grounding since that of the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 in 1979. The plane has had two major battery thermal runaway events in 52,000 flight hours, which was substantially less than the 10 million flight hours predicted by Boeing, neither of which were contained safely. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) released a report on December 1, 2014, and assigned blame to several groups:
  • 4.9K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Submarine Cables Radial Water Barrier
The submarine cables manufacturing industry is growing very rapidly. Solutions used so far, usually adapted from designs of land cables, do not fulfil the new, more demanding requirements. The phenomenon of water ingress into insulation and its absorption are basic factors determining the service life of submarine cables. The radial water barrier is the only effective component of cable design that may guarantee the required minimum 30-year longevity of submarine cables.
  • 4.9K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Windows 10 Version History (Version 1903)
The Windows 10 May 2019 Update (also known as version 1903 and codenamed "19H1") is the seventh major update to Windows 10 and the first to use a more descriptive codename (including the year and the order released) instead of the "Redstone" or "Threshold" codename. It carries the build number 10.0.18362.
  • 4.9K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Biography
Hans Geiger
Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. He is best known as the co-inventor of the detector component of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger–Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus. Geiger was born at Neustadt an der Haardt, Germany. He was one of five children born to the Indologist Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, who was a pr
  • 4.9K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
National Liberal Club
The National Liberal Club (NLC) is a London private members' club, open to both men and women. It was established by William Ewart Gladstone in 1882 to provide club facilities for Liberal Party campaigners among the newly enlarged electorate following the Third Reform Act in 1884, and was envisioned as a more accessible version of a traditional London club. The club's Italianate building on the Embankment of the river Thames is the second-largest club-house built in London. (It was the largest ever at the time, but was superseded by the later Royal Automobile Club building completed in 1911.) Designed by Alfred Waterhouse, it was completed in 1887. Its facilities include a dining room, a bar, function rooms, a billiards room, a smoking room, a library and an outdoor riverside terrace. It is located at Whitehall Place, close to the Houses of Parliament, the Thames Embankment and Trafalgar Square.
  • 4.9K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Fungal Efficacy of Flavonoids
The prevalence of fungal infections is growing at an alarming pace and the pathogenesis is still not clearly understood. Recurrence of these fungal diseases is often due to their evolutionary avoidance of antifungal resistance. The development of suitable novel antimicrobial agents for fungal diseases continues to be a major problem in the current clinical field. Hence, it is urgently necessary to develop surrogate agents that are more effective than conventional available drugs. Among the remarkable innovations from earlier investigations on natural-drugs, flavonoids are a group of plant-derived substances capable of promoting many valuable effects on humans. The identification of flavonoids with possible antifungal effects at small concentrations or in synergistic combinations could help to overcome this problem. A combination of flavonoids with available drugs is an excellent approach to reduce the side effects and toxicity.
  • 4.9K
  • 10 Jun 2021
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