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Topic Review
Gender-Specific Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Women and men respond differently to treatments; this mainly depends on physiological, anatomical, and hormonal characteristics. The existence of the differences in therapeutic agent pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics influences the response to treatments.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Smart Drug Delivery Systems
Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are known to be critical communication tools in several pathophysiological processes between bacteria and host cells. Given this situation, BMVs for transporting and delivering exogenous therapeutic cargoes have been inspiring as promising platforms for developing smart drug delivery systems (SDDSs).
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Mutations Associated Myocardial Bridges
Myocardial bridging (MB) is a congenital coronary artery anomaly that has limited molecular disease state characterization. Though a large portion of individuals may be asymptomatic, the myocardial ischemia caused by this anomaly can lead to angina, acute coronary syndrome, coronary artery disease, and sudden cardiac death in patients.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Food Fraud
Food fraud is an increasingly problematic phenomenon, whose presence may be significantly reduced by FBOs, by implementing a food quality management system and food defence principles within production (FSCC 22000, BRC Food Standard 8, PAS 96, IFS Food Version 6.1, SQF Quality Code), in order for manufacturers that have an interest to retain the quality of the final food product, as well as consumers’ trust.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 May 2024
Topic Review
Usage of Nanoparticles in the Detection of Coronaviruses
Nanoparticle-based biosensor prototypes illustrate desirable diagnostics qualities, especially during the current pandemic. Such qualities include their ease of use, inexpensive equipment and visual results. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have fostered widespread attention due to their outstanding optical characteristics, photostability and high extinction coefficient.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lysophospholipase PNPLA7 Controls Hepatic Choline and Methionine Metabolism
The lysophospholipase PNPLA7 is a member of the Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) family, as a key regulator of the production of glycerophosphocholine (GPC), a precursor of endogenous choline, whose methyl groups are preferentially fluxed into the methionine cycle in the liver. PNPLA7 deficiency in mice markedly decreases hepatic GPC, choline, and several metabolites related to choline/methionine metabolism, leading to various symptoms reminiscent of methionine shortage. Overall metabolic alterations in the liver of Pnpla7-null mice in vivo largely recapitulate those in methionine-deprived hepatocytes in vitro. Reduction of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) after methionine deprivation decreases the methylation of the PNPLA7 gene promoter, relieves PNPLA7 expression, and thereby increases GPC and choline levels, likely as a compensatory adaptation. In line with the view that SAM prevents the development of liver cancer, the expression of PNPLA7, as well as several enzymes in the choline/methionine metabolism, is reduced in human hepatocellular carcinoma. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
IBS and IBD
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional heterogenous disease with a multifactorial pathogenesis. It is characterized by abdominal pain, discomfort, and alteration in gut motility. The occurrence of similar symptoms was observed in patients in clinical remission of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that is Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which pathogenesis is also not fully understood. IBS and IBD seem to be quite separate entities, but still, they do share some similarities. First, their symptoms overlap to some extent: They both may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and watery stools, which can make it difficult to distinguish between these disorders. However, pain in IBS results from tension in the intestinal wall and can be relieved by defecation, while in IBD, it is more constant, and it may result from inflammatory cytokines impacting on afferent nerve firing. Moreover, in the case of IBD, there are so-called “alarm symptoms”, such as fever, weight and appetite loss, bloody stool, vomiting, or anemia, which are absent in IBS. Second, despite the fact that extracolonic symptoms may appear in the course of both diseases, in IBS, they are more general and include, for example, nausea or dyspepsia, while they seem to be more serious and disabling in IBD—they may affect joints, eyes, skin or liver. Furthermore, the epidemiology is slightly different—IBS may occur at any age and is seen more often in women, while IBD appear mainly in young adults between 15 and 30 years old and remain gender-neutral—as mentioned earlier. Phenotypic differences are also clear—in IBS, visibly normal mucosa is observed. On the contrary, in IBD, inflammation, ulcerations, fibrosis, and structuring can be seen during colonoscopy with the naked eye. The pathogenesis of IBS and IBD is not completely understood; however, it is believed to be multifactorial. In both cases, it may include not only environmental and psychological factors (such as stress, depression, negative life events) but also genetic factors, enduring submucosal inflammation, and other changes involving the gut–brain axis and alteration in gut microbiota.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Botulinum Toxin in Movement Disorders
Since its initial approval in 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of blepharospasm and other facial spasms, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has evolved into a therapeutic modality for a variety of neurological and non-neurological disorders. With respect to neurologic movement disorders, BoNT has been reported to be effective for the treatment of dystonia, bruxism, tremors, tics, myoclonus, restless legs syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, and a variety of symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. More recently, research with BoNT has expanded beyond its use as a powerful muscle relaxant and a peripherally active drug to its potential central nervous system applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Although BoNT is the most potent biologic toxin, when it is administered by knowledgeable and experienced clinicians, it is one of the safest therapeutic agents in clinical use. The primary aim of this article is to provide an update on recent advances in BoNT research with a focus on novel applications in the treatment of movement disorders.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Chromosomal Rearrangements in Yeast
Chromosomal rearrangements comprise unbalanced structural variations resulting in gain or loss of DNA copy numbers, as well as balanced events including translocation and inversion that are copy number neutral, both of which contribute to phenotypic evolution in organisms. The exquisite genetic assay and gene editing tools available for the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae facilitate deep exploration of the mechanisms underlying chromosomal rearrangements.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Endophytic Microbiome and Plant Growth
Endophytic bacteria are plant-associated bacteria that live in the internal tissues of the plant without harming the host plant. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Dietary Supplements in Parkinson’s Disease
The use of food supplements or functional food has significantly increased in the past decades, especially to compensate both the modern lifestyle and the food shortages of the industrialized countries. Despite food supplements are habitually intended to correct nutritional deficiencies or to support specific physiological functions, they are often combined with common drug therapies to improve the patient’s health and/or mitigate the symptoms of many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cystic fibrosis, cancer, liver and gastrointestinal diseases. In recent years, increased attentions are given to the patient’s diet, and the use of food supplements and functional food rich in vitamins and antioxidants plays a very important role in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Natural compounds, phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals can prevent, delay, or alleviate the clinical symptoms of PD in contrast to some of the main physiopathological mechanisms involved in the development of the disease, like oxidative stress, free radical formation, and neuroinflammation.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture
The picture shows the water distribution in a gravity based water distribution of a large irrigation scheme fore sugar cane in Ethiopia. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Relationship of Leadership and Envy
This is the theoretical basis of our analysis below. In organizational behavior, the personal traits (character) and decision-making behaviors of leaders are usually the hotspots that scholars pay attention to. In the retrieved literature, it is not difficult to find that a leader’s personality characteristics (e.g., narcissism), leadership behavior style (e.g., disruptive and transformational), leadership–member relationship (LMX), leadership work environment (e.g., corporate culture), etc., are all research perspectives developed by scholars.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Immunoproteasome and Immune Checkpoints Modulation for Cancer Therapy
Immunoproteasome is a noncanonical form of proteasome with enzymological properties optimized for the generation of antigenic peptides presented in complex with class I MHC molecules. This enzymatic property makes the modulation of its activity a promising area of research. Nevertheless, immunotherapy has emerged as a front-line treatment of advanced/metastatic tumors providing outstanding improvement of life expectancy, even though not all patients achieve a long-lasting clinical benefit. To enhance the efficacy of the currently available immunotherapies and enable the development of new strategies, a broader knowledge of the dynamics of antigen repertoire processing by cancer cells is needed. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of immunoproteasome in antigen processing and of the therapeutic implication of its modulation is mandatory. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Artificial and Wild Agarwood
Agarwood is a highly economically important medicinal herb with widespread uses; however, the difference between the biological activities of artificial and wild agarwood is unclear.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review Video
Crosstalk between Apoptosis and Autophagy
Research in biomedical sciences has changed dramatically over the past fifty years. There is no doubt that the discovery of apoptosis and autophagy as two highly synchronized and regulated mechanisms in cellular homeostasis are among the most important discoveries in these decades. Along with the advancement in molecular biology, identifying the genetic players in apoptosis and autophagy has shed light on our understanding of their function in physiological and pathological conditions. Apoptosis and autophagy play essential roles in human health, and their malfunction leads to many diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and autoimmune disorders. These mechanisms are highly regulated, and there is complex crosstalk between them.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Lateralized and Segmental Overgrowth in Children
Lateralized overgrowth (LO), or segmental overgrowth, is defined as an increase in tissue growth of various origins (skeletal, muscular, fibrous, vascular, adipose, or any association of these) in any region of the body.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
ADAMTS Proteins and Vascular Remodeling in Aortic Aneurysms
Extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes remodeling processes to regulate vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells’ proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion. Abnormalities affecting the ECM can lead to alteration in cellular behavior and from this, this can conduce to the development of pathologies. Metalloproteases play a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of ECM by mediating the cleavage of different ECM components. There are different types of metalloproteases: matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs), and ADAMs with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs). ADAMTSs have been found to participate in cardiovascular physiology and diseases and specifically in aortic aneurysms. This entry aims to decipher the potential role of ADAMTS proteins in the physiopathologic development of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms (TAA) and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA).
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Unabsorbed Slack Resources and Enterprise Innovation
In 1963, Cyert & March defined slack resources as “the difference between total resources needed by the enterprise organization to maintain the status quo and the resources actually possessed by the organization”. There exist different forms of slack resources, such as idle machinery and equipment, surplus cash, extra employees, and semi-finished products in processing.  Technological innovation plays an important role in the success of enterprises and it is a critical factor for them to gain strong short-term market performance and long-term competitive advantage. Due to long cycles, large investments, and high adjustment costs, adequate resource support is essential to ensure the sustainability of innovation activities.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Complex Interaction between P53 and miRNAs
P53 responds to stress in a variety of ways ranging from activating survival-promotion pathways to triggering programmed cell death to eliminate damaged cells. In physiological stress generated by any external or internal condition that challenges cell homeostasis, P53 exerts its function as a transcription factor for target genes or by regulating the expression and maturation of a class of small non-coding RNA molecules (miRNAs).
  • 1.2K
  • 26 May 2022
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