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Topic Review
T-Cell Engagers in Solid Cancers
There are multiple strategies to target cancer cells, and among the rapidly evolving field is the use of bispecific antibodies and T-cell engagers in the treatment of cancers. These drugs work by recruiting and activating T-cells, a type of white blood cell, to recognize and attack cancer cells. These agents consist of two different antibody fragments: one that binds to a tumor antigen on cancer cells and another that binds to the CD3 receptor on T-cells.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Sensing of Vitamins
Vitamins are a group of complex chemical compounds with very low content in the human body but extremely important functions. Compared with traditional analytical methods, electrochemical techniques, with the advantages of low cost, high sensitivity, flexible detection strategies, easy integration, and miniaturization, have gradually become the main tools in vitamin detection.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nutrition Situation in Jordan
Jordan is witnessing an escalating pace of nutrition transition, which may be associated with an increased burden of malnutrition and related non-communicable diseases. The nutrition situation in Jordan is analyzed by exploring specific nutrition indicators, namely infant and young child feeding, low birthweight, micronutrient deficiencies, anthropometric indicators, and food consumption patterns. Results showed that although most children were ever breastfed and early initiation of breastfeeding had a two-fold increasing trend, rates of exclusive breastfeeding below 6 months of age and continued breastfeeding until two years of age were low. Complementary feeding indicators, particularly minimum diet diversity and minimum acceptable diet standards, were suboptimal. An overall low burden of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under 5 years and remarkable progress in optimizing iodine status among school-aged children were reported. Conversely, the burden of low birthweight and overweight/obesity exacerbated, coexisting with anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and vitamin D deficiency. Overall, fruit and vegetable consumption were inadequate. The consumption of soft drinks and salt on the other hand was higher than recommended. The double burden of malnutrition in Jordan is acknowledged and recommends the prioritization and evaluation of interventions towards improving the population’s nutritional status and achieving nutrition targets.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
N-Terminal Methionine Excision
In the cytosol of human cells, when a newly synthesized polypeptide emerges from the ribosomes, its fate can be determined by the enzymes that modify its N-terminal α-amino acid residue (Nα). These N-terminal modifications include excision of the initiator methionine (iMet), Nα-myristoylation, Nα-acetylation, Nα-methylation, and other less common modification events. Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) are responsible for N-terminal iMet excision (NME).
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Uterine Natural Killer Cells
Reproductive immunology is at the forefront of research interests, aiming to better understand the mechanisms of immune regulation during gestation. The relationship between the immune system and the implanting embryo is profound because the embryo is semi-allogenic but not targeted by the maternal immune system, as expected in graft-versus-host reactions. The most prominent cell population at the maternal–fetal interface is the population of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells. Uterine NK cells are two-faced immunologically active cells, bearing comparison with Janus, the ancient Roman god of beginnings and endings. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Dairy Cows
With the rapid growth of computational power and data transfer capabilities, machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) are also making inroads into animal husbandry and veterinarian research. In particular, Infrared thermography (IRT) is being increasingly used for health monitoring and the diagnosis of dairy cows, especially in studies related to heat stress, which causes severe losses, helping us analyze its effects on nutrition, milk production, reproduction, etc. There is plenty of evidence for the potential benefits of using IRT for monitoring udder health status in dairy cows and for the early detection of mastitis. Its role in detecting hoof lesions and lameness has also been reported. The growth of the population and the increase of quality standards has set a requirement for the production of more and better quality food. The capabilities and potential benefits of IRT make systems for the automatic collection and processing of thermographic information and decision-making particularly important.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Challenges in the Digital Transformation of Ports
Digital transformation plays a significant role in modernizing and improving the efficiency of ports around the world. However, digitalization also brings a set of challenges that ports must face. They have to respond to several unique challenges because of the complexity of their operations and the varying demands of stakeholders. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Budget Allocation with Combinatorial Constraints
Budget allocation problems, commonly referred to as capital budgeting problems, often involve many constraints. Consequently, efficiently and effectively solving these problems becomes increasingly challenging. Advancements in linear programming-based row generation and optimization-based sorting methods offer promising solutions to address these challenges.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Air and Particulates in Underground Oil Shale Mine
Particulate matter (PM) in the context of underground mining results from various operations such as rock drilling and blasting, ore loading, hauling, crushing, dumping, and from diesel exhaust gases as well. These operations result in the formation of fine particles that can accumulate in the lungs of mineworkers. The lung deposited surface area (LDSA) concentration is a variant solution to evaluate potential health impacts. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Temporomandibular Joint Disc Disorders
Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is a type of musculoskeletal pain that affects the orofacial region, like masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joint and other surrounding structures. Chronic musculoskeletal pain refers to a persistent pain, felt for more than 3 months, arising in bones, joints, and tissues. A subset of disc-related TMD involves disc displacement, disc thinning and perforation. Biomechanical unbalance or extreme loading can also lead to damage in the articular disc.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Intracranial Germinomas
Intracranial germinomas are rare tumours, usually affecting male paediatric patients. They frequently develop in the pineal and suprasellar regions, causing endocrinological disturbances, visual deficits, and increased intracranial pressure. The diagnosis is established on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers, and tumour stereotactic biopsy. Imaging techniques, such as susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), T2* (T2-star) gradient echo (GRE) or arterial spin labelling based perfusion-weighted MRI (ASL-PWI) facilitate the diagnosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
MEIS1 in Hematopoiesis and Cancer
MEIS1 is highly expressed in the bone marrow, and its predominant and better-known role is in embryonic and adult hematopoiesis. Along withPBX1 and HOXA9, MEIS1 is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) but downregulated during their differentiation.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Proteasome Structure and Function in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an aggressive and incurable disease for most patients, characterized by periods of treatment, remission and relapse. The introduction of new classes of drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors (PIs), has improved survival outcomes in these patient populations. The proteasome is the core of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS), a complex and conserved pathway involved in the control of multiple cellular processes, including cell cycle control, transcription, DNA damage repair, protein quality control and antigen presentation. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Endophytic Fungi of Olive Tree
Endophytic fungi are plant-associated microorganisms which inhabit living tissues and do not cause any harmful effect to their host. They can establish mutualistic relationships based on plant protection or growth promotion.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Sep 2020
Topic Review
ERAP1 Gene
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Dec 2020
Topic Review
International Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences
Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) are a proven methodology for transforming short-term study abroad to yield higher impact and quality student outcomes, especially as they relate to teaching environmental sustainability.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Aptamers in Parasitology
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences of 20-80 nucleotides that interact with different targets such as: proteins, ions, viruses, or toxins, through non-covalent interactions and their unique three-dimensional conformation. They are obtained in vitro by the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Because of their ability of target recognition with high specificity and affinity, aptamers are usually compared to antibodies. However, they present many advantages that make them promising molecules for the development of new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. In medical parasitology, aptamers also represent an attractive alternative for the implementation of new parasite detection methods, easy to apply in endemic regions. The aim of this study was to describe the current advances in the development of diagnostic tests based on aptamers in parasitology. For this, articles were selected following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The 26 resulting articles deal with the use of aptamers for the detection of six important protozoa that affect human health. This systematic review clearly demonstrates the specificity, sensitivity and selectivity of aptamers and aptasensors, that certainly will soon become standard methods in medical parasitology.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Staphylococcus aureus Internalization
Bacterial internalization is a strategy that non-intracellular microorganisms use to escape the host immune system and survive inside the human body.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Venture Capital and IPO Underpricing
IPO underpricing refers to the phenomenon that the initial public offering price of a stock is significantly lower than the initial market closing price of the listing, and this phenomenon is widespread in the capital market. It is generally believed that information asymmetry is one of the main reasons for IPO underpricing. In order to make up for investors who are at an information disadvantage, stock issuers will actively reduce the issuance price of stocks to promote the successful issuance of the stocks. The majority of companies listed on ChiNext are high-technology companies with high growth potential, and a large number of empirical studies have shown that venture capital plays a role in signaling high-quality equity offerings in the corporate process. This is because venture capital plays a monitoring and certification role, which means venture capitalists can determine which R&D activities are more likely to be successful, and they can provide investors with accurate information about R&D investment and whether the information disclosed at the IPO is true.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Preoperative Anemia in Vascular Patients
Anemia is a common condition in preoperative period of peripheral arterial disease patients. Anemia has multifactorial causes, including: iron deficiency; vitamin deficiency and inflammation; and chronic kidney disease. Some retrospective researches demonstrated, that preprocedural anemia is a predictor adverse outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for vascular disease treatment. These outcomes are increase likelihood of: A) transfusion; B) amputation; C) and major adverse cardiovascular events.It is not clear if preoperative anemia optimization with iron and/or erythropoietin, reduce major adverse outcomes in patients submitted to vascular peripheral surgeries. 
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Aug 2021
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