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Topic Review
Women in Climate Change
The contributions of women in climate change have received increasing attention in the early 21st century. Feedback from women and the issues faced by women have been described as "imperative" by the United Nations and "critical" by the Population Reference Bureau. A report by the World Health Organization concluded that incorporating gender-based analysis would "provide more effective climate change mitigation and adaptation."
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Tryptophan and Kynurenine Pathway Involved in Immune-Related Diseases
The tryptophan and kynurenine pathway is well-known to play an important role in nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, as well as in the development of inflammatory diseases. It has been documented that some kynurenine metabolites are considered to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and/or neuroprotective properties. Importantly, many of these kynurenine metabolites may possess immune-regulatory properties that could alleviate the inflammation response. The abnormal activation of the tryptophan and kynurenine pathway might be involved in the pathophysiological process of various immune-related diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and/or polycystic ovary syndrome. 
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Anaerobic Digestion Technology
The continual generation and discharge of waste are considered two of the main environmental problems worldwide. There are several waste management options that can be applied, though anaerobic digestion (AD) process technology seems to be one of the best, most reliable, and feasible technological options that have attracted remarkable attention due to its benefits, including the generation of renewable energy in the form of biogas and biomethane. There is a large amount of literature available on AD; however, with the continuous, progressive, and innovative technological development and implementation, as well as the inclusion of increasingly complex systems, it is necessary to update current knowledge on AD process technologies, process variables and their role on AD performance, and the kinetic models that are most commonly used to describe the process-reaction kinetics. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Evolutionary History of the Large American Liver Fluke
The large American liver fluke (Fascioloides magna) is considered an invasive trematode parasite in Europe. Its origin dates back before the Cretaceous-Paleogene Mass Extinction, after which it survived at least three population bottlenecks and successful host switches before it arrived in Europe.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Proteomics Techniques for Biomarker Discovery in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease, a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, poses a significant challenge for early diagnosis and treatment. In the quest to uncover biomarkers that could aid in early detection, proteomics techniques have emerged as powerful tools with immense potential.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Rosacea Classification and Treatment
Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory skin condition. It mainly affects the cheeks, nose, chin, and forehead, causing flushing or transient erythema, persistent erythema, phymatous changes, papules, pustules, and telangiectasias, and the eyes may also be affected by rosacea. Rosacea is more common in women than in men and can start at any age. Rosacea affects both fair-skinned and darker-skinned people. Physical changes in the face due to rosacea can cause embarrassment, leading to reduced quality of life and self-esteem. Rosacea has several triggers, and its pathogenesis involves multiple factors, which means there are several treatment options, and these options can be combined. A patient’s clinical findings and symptoms will help a doctor to diagnose and classify the condition. Treatment options may include lifestyle changes, topical medications, systemic antibiotics and light-based therapy. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Subject–Action–Object Structure and Patent Image Features
Patent application is one of the important ways to protect innovation achievements that have great commercial value for enterprises; it is the initial step for enterprises to set the business development track, as well as a powerful means to protect their core competitiveness. Manual measurement in patent detection is slow, costly, and subjective, and can only play an auxiliary role in measuring the validity of patents. Protecting the inventive achievements of patent holders and realizing more accurate and effective patent detection were the issues explored by academics. There are five main methods to measure patent similarity: clustering-based method, vector space model (VSM)-based method, subject–action–object (SAO) structure-based method, deep learning-based method, and patent structure-based method. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Federated Learning for Intrusion Detection Systems in IoV
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has garnered significant attention from researchers and automotive industry professionals due to its expanding range of applications and services aimed at enhancing road safety and driver/passenger comfort. However, the massive amount of data spread across this network makes securing it challenging. The IoV network generates, collects, and processes vast amounts of valuable and sensitive data that intruders can manipulate. An intrusion detection system (IDS) is the most typical method to protect such networks. An IDS monitors activity on the road to detect any sign of a security threat and generates an alert if a security anomaly is detected. Federated Learning (FL) is a decentralized machine learning technique, FL allows model training on client devices while maintaining user data privacy.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Properties of HVOF-PVD Duplex Coatings
The morphology (surface and cross-section) of the high-velocity oxygen–fuel coupled physical vapor deposition (HVOF-PVD)  duplex coating and its mechanical (stress and load-bearing capacity), tribological (wear and lubrication), and corrosion (chemical and electrochemical) behavior are described and discussed for surface protective concern. The duplex coating involves a combination of a thick, hard HVOF bottom layer and a thin, hard yet tough PVD top layer. The hardness and modulus of the HVOF coating are between those of the soft substrate and the hard PVD coating, which thereafter provides a smooth transition and effective support between them. As a result, the HVOF interlayer can eliminate the plastic deformation of the substrate due to stress concentration under heavy load, effectively avoiding the “eggshell effect”. As expected, the duplex coating system would provide excellent load-bearing capacity. In terms of tribology, the wear resistance of the HVOF-PVD duplex coating is significantly improved compared to that of PVD monolayer coating. 
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Glial Cells in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Ischemic stroke is the second cause of mortality and the first cause of long-term disability constituting a serious socioeconomic burden worldwide. Approved treatments include thrombectomy and rtPA intravenous administration, which, despite their efficacy in some cases, are not suitable for a great proportion of patients. Glial cell-related therapies are progressively overcoming inefficient neuron-centered approaches in the preclinical phase. Exploiting the ability of microglia to naturally switch between detrimental and protective phenotypes represents a promising therapeutic treatment, in a similar way to what happens with astrocytes. However, the duality present in many of the roles of these cells upon ischemia poses a notorious difficulty in disentangling the precise pathways to target. Still, promoting M2/A2 microglia/astrocyte protective phenotypes and inhibiting M1/A1 neurotoxic profiles is globally rendering promising results in different in vivo models of stroke.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Bone Metastasis
       The following paragraph resumes and accurately describes the process of metastasis, focusing on the breast to bone one. We will briefly illustrate the composition of the pre-metastatic niche and explain the involment of healthy bone cells in the metastasis establishment. This short intro is extracted from a review article which aim is to discuss the current available 3D models used to study the metastasis process.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cockle Shell-Derived Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles
This entry is terms to explain the importance of CSCaCO3NPs as drug nanocarrier with emphases on cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, slow biodegradation, pH sensitive, safety and efficacy in addition to the good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity as bone substitute. The synthesis of stimuli responsive nanocarrier with sustain release is a significant innovation in the field of nanomedicine in which biogenic biodegradable inorganic CSCaCO3NPs for the delivery of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs could be employed.  
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2020
Topic Review
ELN Gene
Elastin
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles Based Drug Delivery
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play major roles in intracellular communication and participate in several biological functions in both normal and pathological conditions. Surface modification of EVs via various ligands, such as proteins, peptides, or aptamers, offers great potential as a means to achieve targeted delivery of therapeutic cargo, i.e., in drug delivery systems (DDS). This study summarizes recent studies pertaining to the development of EV-based DDS and its advantages compared to conventional nano drug delivery systems (NDDS). 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Recombination Mediators Proteins
The recombination mediator proteins (RMPs) are ubiquitous and play a crucial role in genome stability. RMPs facilitate the loading of recombinases like RecA onto single-stranded (ss) DNA coated by single-strand binding proteins like SSB.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bacteriocins
Las bacteriocinas son péptidos antimicrobianos termoestables, sintetizados ribosómicamente. Tanto las bacterias grampositivas como las gramnegativas y las arqueas liberan péptidos antimicrobianos extracelularmente en las fases de crecimiento exponencial tardía a estacionaria temprana.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Genomic Testing Strategies
The decreasing sequencing cost and the rapid expansion of our knowledge of human disease genes has fueled a significant increase in the uptake and utilization of clinical genomic testing. It is essential that all healthcare providers understand the basic concepts of genetic testing and how to properly utilize this testing for each patient. There are several factors that need to be considered when choosing the appropriate testing strategy including and their utilization based on different clinical scenarios, test characteristics such as the types of genetic variation identified by each test, turnaround time, and diagnostic yield for different clinical indications. Effective application of this knowledge will aid healthcare providers in utilizing the most appropriate, fastest, and most cost-effective genetic test for their patients, thereby increasing the likelihood of a timely diagnosis and reducing the financial burden on the healthcare system by eliminating unnecessary and redundant testing. This entry is not comprehensive, but will provide the basic knowledge to understand the differences between various testing strategies and their limitations. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Endothelial Cells in Inflammatory Reaction
Inflammation was already described in the antique Egyptian medicine. Several steps have been made in the understanding of the phenomenon since the discovery of blood circulation in the 17th century, then of endothelial cell functions in the second part of the 20th century. The research studies on endothelial cells in vascular disorders associated to atheroma, diabetes mellitus and infectious diseases opened new possibilities in terms of treatment and prevention. The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemy demonstrated the pivotal role of endothelial cells in thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications in infectious diseases. Endothelial cells (ECs) are the most efficient antithrombotic interface, and participate in the immune response to micro bacterial organisms. The predominant surface of exchange, which is the endothelium monolayer, is not a passive exchange barrier but a selective and adaptive frontier. Beside their barrier function, ECs have a determinant role in the thrombotic hemostatic equilibrium, first by heparinoid surface molecule, and then as receptors for coagulation components, von Willebrand factor (VWF), and Factor VIII coagulation factors.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Flavonoids and Their Anti-Diabetic Effects
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevailing global health metabolic disorder, with an alarming incidence rate and a huge burden on health care providers. DM is characterized by the elevation of blood glucose due either to a defect in insulin synthesis, secretion, binding to receptor, or an increase of insulin resistance. The internal and external factors such as obesity, urbanizations, and genetic mutations could increase the risk of developing DM. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds existing as secondary metabolites in fruits and vegetables as well as fungi. Their structure consists of 15 carbon skeletons and two aromatic rings (A and B) connected by three carbon chains. Flavonoids are furtherly classified into 6 subclasses: flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, flavanols, and anthocyanidins. Naturally occurring flavonoids possess anti-diabetic effects. As in vitro and animal model’s studies demonstrate, they have the ability to prevent diabetes and its complications.The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge addressing the anti-diabetic effects of dietary flavonoids and their underlying molecular mechanisms on selected pathways: Glucose transporter, hepatic enzymes,tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AMPK, PPAR, and NF-B. Flavonoids improve the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications through the regulation of glucose metabolism, hepatic enzymes activities, and lipid profile. Most studies illustrate a positive role of specific dietary flavonoids on diabetes, but the mechanisms of action and the side effects need more clarification. Overall, more research is needed to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of diabetes treatment using flavonoids.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Black Phosphorus
Black phosphorus (BP) is one of the emerging versatile nanomaterials with outstanding biocompatibility and biodegradability, exhibiting great potential as a promising inorganic nanomaterial in the biomedical field. BP nanomaterials possess excellent ability for valid bio-conjugation and molecular loading in anticancer therapy. Generally, BP nanomaterials can be classified into BP nanosheets (BPNSs) and BP quantum dots (BPQDs), and both of them can be oxidized and degraded to nontoxic phosphonates and phosphate under physiological conditions, improving their safety as a nano drug carrier in cancer therapy. In addition, BP nanomaterials can be applied as photothermal agents (PTA) for photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to their high photothermal conversion efficiency, large extinction coefficients, and capability of producing singlet oxygen. Recently, it has been reported that BP-based phototherapy is capable of activating immune responses and alleviating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by detection of T lymphocytes and various immunocytokines, indicating that BP-based nanocomposites not only serve as effective PTAs to ablate large solid tumors but also function as an immunomodulation agent to eliminate discrete tumorlets.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Sep 2021
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