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Topic Review
Distinctive Patterns of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a serious and debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder that typically occurs in early adulthood. DNA methylation, a critical epigenetic modification, contributes to alter gene expression without affecting the underlying genomic sequences; 5-methycytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxylcytosine (5hmC) are two major forms of DNA methylation in mammals.
  • 446
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. The likelihood of developing a neurodegenerative disease rises dramatically as life expectancy increases. Although it has drawn significant attention, there is still a lack of proper effective treatments for neurodegenerative disease because the mechanisms of its development and progression are largely unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small bi-lipid layer-enclosed nanosized particles in tissues and biological fluids. EVs are emerging as novel intercellular messengers and regulate a series of biological responses. Increasing evidence suggests that EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.
  • 443
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Melanoma Antigen Family A in Bladder Cancer
The Melanoma Antigen Gene (MAGE) belongs to the larger family of cancer testis antigens. The MAGEA family were the first tumor-associated antigens identified at the molecular level whose expression was consistent in most human cancers and germinal cells. Aberrant expression of MAGEA family is noted in a majority of human malignancies, where they are associated with increased cancer cell proliferation, survival, and resistance to various therapies. This makes them an ideal biomarker and attractive therapeutic target in designing novel therapies.
  • 440
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polyremase-1 Inhibition for ETS-Expressing Tumours
ETS transcription factors are a highly conserved family of proteins involved in the progression of many cancers, such as breast and prostate carcinomas, Ewing’s sarcoma, and leukaemias. This significant involvement can be explained by their roles at all stages of carcinogenesis progression. Generally, their expression in tumours is associated with a poor prognosis and an aggressive phenotype. Until now, no efficient therapeutic strategy had emerged to specifically target ETS-expressing tumours. Nevertheless, there is evidence that pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a key DNA repair enzyme, specifically sensitises ETS-expressing cancer cells to DNA damage and limits tumour progression by leading some of the cancer cells to death. These effects result from a strong interplay between ETS transcription factors and the PARP-1 enzyme.
  • 438
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Medical Aspects of mTOR Inhibition in Kidney Transplantation
The advances in transplant immunosuppression have reduced substantially the incidence of kidney graft rejection. The focus has moved from preventing rejection to preventing the long-term consequences of long-standing immunosuppression, including nephrotoxicity induced by calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), as well as infectious and neoplastic complications. Since the appearance in the late 1990s of mTOR inhibitors (mTORi), these unmet needs in immunosuppression management could be addressed thanks to their benefits (reduced rate of viral infections and cancer). 
  • 437
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Advanced Omics Techniques for Cochlear Research
Advanced genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics techniques are providing unprecedented insights into the understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the central nervous system, including the neuro-sensory cochlea of the inner ear. 
  • 434
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
EV-Derived lncRNAs and Circular RNAs in Cancer Angiogenesis
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are defined as subcellular structures limited by a bilayer lipid membrane that function as important intercellular communication by transporting active biomolecules, such as proteins, amino acids, metabolites, and nucleic acids, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). These cargos can effectively be delivered to target cells and induce a highly variable response. LncRNAs are functional RNAs composed of at least 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins. The angiogenesis process is fundamental for cancer to advance locally and facilitate metastasis, and therefore, it has been extensively studied in most cancer types.
  • 432
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Factors Required for the Biosynthesis of Glycosphingolipids
As integral components of the cell membrane, glycosphingolipids (GSLs) consist of a glycosidically bound carbohydrate moiety and a lipid moiety known as ceramide. 
  • 426
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles for Bone Regeneration
Bone defects are intricate pathological alterations resulting from osteoporotic fractures, traumatic injuries, inflammatory responses, malignant tumors, and various other factors. Extracellular vesicles are small lipid bilayer membrane particles secreted by all cell types. The term “EVs” collectively refers to diverse vesicle types, such as exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, shedding vesicles, and apoptotic bodies.
  • 426
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Link between Diabetes, Pancreatic Tumors, and miRNAs
Despite significant progress in medicine, pancreatic cancer is one of the most tardily diagnosed cancer and is consequently associated with a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. The asymptomatic clinical picture and the lack of relevant diagnostic markers for the early stages of pancreatic cancer are believed to be the major constraints behind an accurate diagnosis of this disease. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms of pancreatic cancer development are still poorly recognized. It is well accepted that diabetes increases the risk of pancreatic cancer development, however the precise mechanisms are weakly investigated. Studies are focused on microRNAs as a causative factor of pancreatic cancer. 
  • 425
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
BRCA1 and p53 Tumor Suppressor Molecules in AD
Tumor suppressor molecules play a pivotal role in regulating DNA repair, cell proliferation, and cell death, which are also important processes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Generally, onset of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease may be delayed with use of dietary neuro-protective agents against oxidative stresses. Studies suggest that dietary antioxidants are also beneficial for brain health in reducing disease-risk and in slowing down disease-progression. 
  • 422
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
N6-Methyladenosine in Epitranscriptome, Autophagy and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Changes in epitranscriptome with N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification could be involved in the development of multiple diseases, which might be a prevalent modification of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in eukaryotes. The m6A modification might be performed through the action of methyltransferases, demethylases, and methylation-binding proteins. Importantly, the m6A methylation may be associated with various neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), depression, aging-related diseases, and/or aging itself. In addition, the m6A methylation might functionally regulate the eukaryotic transcriptome by influencing the splicing, export, subcellular localization, translation, stability, and decay of mRNAs.
  • 419
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Laboratory Tools to Predict CFTR Modulator Effectiveness
The implementation of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator drugs into clinical practice has been attaining remarkable therapeutic outcomes for CF, a life-threatening autosomal recessive genetic disease. However, there is elevated CFTR allelic heterogeneity, and various individuals carrying (ultra)rare CF genotypes remain without any approved modulator therapy. Novel translational model systems based on individuals’ own cells/tissue are now available and can be used to interrogate in vitro CFTR modulator responses and establish correlations of these assessments with clinical features, aiming to provide prediction of therapeutic effectiveness.
  • 418
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Conformational Dynamics of Lipoxygenases
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a family of enzymes that includes different fatty acid oxygenases with a common tridimensional structure. The main functions of LOXs are the production of signaling compounds and the structural modifications of biological membranes.
  • 417
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Disruption of Thiol Homeostasis in NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinical–pathological syndrome characterized by excessive deposition of fat and fatty degeneration in liver cells in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption or other known causes of liver disease.  The formation of disulfide bonds is a reversible process that can be achieved through thiol–disulfide interchange.
  • 416
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Proteomic Technologies for Accelerating Development of Senotherapeutics
The accumulation of senescent cells is now widely known to be a driver of aging and many age-related pathologies, such as neurodegeneration and type 2 diabetes, among others. Targeting senescent cells for selective removal or altering the proteins they release are promising therapeutic strategies against age-related diseases. However, the biology of senescent cells is complex, dynamic, and heterogeneous. In order to better identify pathology-driving senescent cells and develop therapies to alter their complex biology or drive them toward cell death, a detailed and comprehensive understanding of senescence-associated proteins and the mechanisms that enable senescent cells to evade cell death is required. Major developments in proteomic workflows over the past decade have enabled an increasingly comprehensive, quantitative, and specific molecular profiling and interrogation of cellular mechanisms.
  • 415
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence at the Service of Protein Structure
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines that are capable of performing tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. AI systems can be designed to carry out a wide range of tasks, including simple ones like recognizing patterns or sorting data, as well as more complex tasks like language translation. Numerous industries, including healthcare, science, banking, transportation, and entertainment, have used AI in a variety of procedures. By automating processes, increasing productivity, and opening up new possibilities, AI has the ability to completely transform many facets of our life. The responsible and beneficial usage of AI technology, however, depends on a number of crucial elements, including ethical concerns, transparency, and responsible development.
  • 414
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation of Alternative Isoforms in Cancer
While significant strides have been made in understanding cancer biology, the enhancement in patient survival is limited, underscoring the urgency for innovative strategies. Epigenetic modifications characterized by hereditary shifts in gene expression without changes to the DNA sequence play a critical role in producing alternative gene isoforms. When these processes go awry, they influence cancer onset, growth, spread, and cancer stemness.
  • 409
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a type of peripheral sympathetic nervous system cancer that most commonly affects children. Accumulating evidence suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with 19–25 nucleotides lengths and play a central role in the development of NB carcinogenesis.
  • 407
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Searching for Atherosclerosis Biomarkers by Proteomics
Plaque rupture and thrombosis are the most important clinical complications in the pathogenesis of stroke, coronary arteries, and peripheral vascular diseases. The identification of early biomarkers of plaque presence and susceptibility to ulceration could be of primary importance in preventing such life-threatening events. With the improvement of proteomic tools, large-scale technologies have been proven valuable in attempting to unravel pathways of atherosclerotic degeneration and identifying new circulating markers to be utilized either as early diagnostic traits or as targets for new drug therapies. To address these issues, different matrices of human origin, such as vascular cells, arterial tissues, plasma, and urine, have been investigated. Besides, proteomics was also applied to experimental atherosclerosis, to unveil significant insights into the mechanisms influencing atherogenesis. This research provides an overview of the last twenty-year -omics applications to the study of atherogenesis and lesion vulnerability, with particular emphasis on lipoproteomics and vascular tissue proteomics. Major issues of tissue analyses such as plaque complexity, sampling, availability, choice of proper controls, and lipoproteins purification will be raised, and future directions will be addressed.
  • 407
  • 18 Oct 2023
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