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Topic Review
Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease in CNS Disorders
Metabolic disorder-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)/Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most ordinary liver disease categorized by hepatic steatosis with the increase of surplus fat in the liver and metabolic liver dysfunction, which is associated with bigger mortality and a high medical burden. An association between MAFLD/NAFLD and central nervous system disorders including psychological disorders has been demonstrated. Additionally, MAFLD/NAFLD has been correlated with various types of neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease. Contrasted to healthy controls, patients with MAFLD/NAFLD have a greater prevalence risk of extrahepatic complications within multiple organs. Dietary interventions have emerged as effective strategies for MAFLD/NAFLD. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway involved in the regulation of Th17/Treg balance might promote the pathogenesis of several diseases including MAFLD/NAFLD. 
  • 429
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
EV-Derived lncRNAs and Circular RNAs in Cancer Angiogenesis
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are defined as subcellular structures limited by a bilayer lipid membrane that function as important intercellular communication by transporting active biomolecules, such as proteins, amino acids, metabolites, and nucleic acids, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). These cargos can effectively be delivered to target cells and induce a highly variable response. LncRNAs are functional RNAs composed of at least 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins. The angiogenesis process is fundamental for cancer to advance locally and facilitate metastasis, and therefore, it has been extensively studied in most cancer types.
  • 426
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
MiR-181 in Endothelial Cell Differentiation
The miR-181 family is one of the essential angiogenic regulators. The miR-181 family consists of four highly conserved members: miR-181a, miR-181b, miR-181c, and miR-181d. They are independently derived from six precursors located on three chromosomes.
  • 419
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Link between Diabetes, Pancreatic Tumors, and miRNAs
Despite significant progress in medicine, pancreatic cancer is one of the most tardily diagnosed cancer and is consequently associated with a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. The asymptomatic clinical picture and the lack of relevant diagnostic markers for the early stages of pancreatic cancer are believed to be the major constraints behind an accurate diagnosis of this disease. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms of pancreatic cancer development are still poorly recognized. It is well accepted that diabetes increases the risk of pancreatic cancer development, however the precise mechanisms are weakly investigated. Studies are focused on microRNAs as a causative factor of pancreatic cancer. 
  • 419
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Chloroquine and Chemotherapeutic Compounds in Experimental Cancer Treatment
Chloroquine (CQ) and its derivate hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the compounds with recognized ability to suppress autophagy, have been tested in experimental works and in clinical trials as adjuvant therapy for the treatment of tumors of different origin to increase the efficacy of cytotoxic agents. Such a strategy can be effective in overcoming the resistance of cancer cells to standard chemotherapy or anti-angiogenic therapy. The majority of experimental studies has shown that CQ/HCQ can effectively sensitize cancer cells to cytotoxic agents and increase the potential of chemotherapy, however, the results of clinical trials are often inconsistent. Although pharmacological suppression of autophagy remains a promising tool for increasing the efficacy of standard chemotherapy, the development of more specific inhibitors is required.
  • 415
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles for Bone Regeneration
Bone defects are intricate pathological alterations resulting from osteoporotic fractures, traumatic injuries, inflammatory responses, malignant tumors, and various other factors. Extracellular vesicles are small lipid bilayer membrane particles secreted by all cell types. The term “EVs” collectively refers to diverse vesicle types, such as exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, shedding vesicles, and apoptotic bodies.
  • 415
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Laboratory Tools to Predict CFTR Modulator Effectiveness
The implementation of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator drugs into clinical practice has been attaining remarkable therapeutic outcomes for CF, a life-threatening autosomal recessive genetic disease. However, there is elevated CFTR allelic heterogeneity, and various individuals carrying (ultra)rare CF genotypes remain without any approved modulator therapy. Novel translational model systems based on individuals’ own cells/tissue are now available and can be used to interrogate in vitro CFTR modulator responses and establish correlations of these assessments with clinical features, aiming to provide prediction of therapeutic effectiveness.
  • 414
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Emerging Proteomic Technologies for Accelerating Development of Senotherapeutics
The accumulation of senescent cells is now widely known to be a driver of aging and many age-related pathologies, such as neurodegeneration and type 2 diabetes, among others. Targeting senescent cells for selective removal or altering the proteins they release are promising therapeutic strategies against age-related diseases. However, the biology of senescent cells is complex, dynamic, and heterogeneous. In order to better identify pathology-driving senescent cells and develop therapies to alter their complex biology or drive them toward cell death, a detailed and comprehensive understanding of senescence-associated proteins and the mechanisms that enable senescent cells to evade cell death is required. Major developments in proteomic workflows over the past decade have enabled an increasingly comprehensive, quantitative, and specific molecular profiling and interrogation of cellular mechanisms.
  • 413
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Conformational Dynamics of Lipoxygenases
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a family of enzymes that includes different fatty acid oxygenases with a common tridimensional structure. The main functions of LOXs are the production of signaling compounds and the structural modifications of biological membranes.
  • 413
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence at the Service of Protein Structure
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines that are capable of performing tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. AI systems can be designed to carry out a wide range of tasks, including simple ones like recognizing patterns or sorting data, as well as more complex tasks like language translation. Numerous industries, including healthcare, science, banking, transportation, and entertainment, have used AI in a variety of procedures. By automating processes, increasing productivity, and opening up new possibilities, AI has the ability to completely transform many facets of our life. The responsible and beneficial usage of AI technology, however, depends on a number of crucial elements, including ethical concerns, transparency, and responsible development.
  • 411
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Protein Disorder in Plant Stress Adaptation
Global climate change has caused severe abiotic and biotic stresses, affecting plant growth and food security. The mechanical understanding of plant stress responses is critical for achieving sustainable agriculture. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are a group of proteins without unique three-dimensional structures. The environmental sensitivity and structural flexibility of IDPs contribute to the growth and developmental plasticity for sessile plants to deal with environmental challenges.
  • 406
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a type of peripheral sympathetic nervous system cancer that most commonly affects children. Accumulating evidence suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with 19–25 nucleotides lengths and play a central role in the development of NB carcinogenesis.
  • 404
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Searching for Atherosclerosis Biomarkers by Proteomics
Plaque rupture and thrombosis are the most important clinical complications in the pathogenesis of stroke, coronary arteries, and peripheral vascular diseases. The identification of early biomarkers of plaque presence and susceptibility to ulceration could be of primary importance in preventing such life-threatening events. With the improvement of proteomic tools, large-scale technologies have been proven valuable in attempting to unravel pathways of atherosclerotic degeneration and identifying new circulating markers to be utilized either as early diagnostic traits or as targets for new drug therapies. To address these issues, different matrices of human origin, such as vascular cells, arterial tissues, plasma, and urine, have been investigated. Besides, proteomics was also applied to experimental atherosclerosis, to unveil significant insights into the mechanisms influencing atherogenesis. This research provides an overview of the last twenty-year -omics applications to the study of atherogenesis and lesion vulnerability, with particular emphasis on lipoproteomics and vascular tissue proteomics. Major issues of tissue analyses such as plaque complexity, sampling, availability, choice of proper controls, and lipoproteins purification will be raised, and future directions will be addressed.
  • 404
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Neurotrophic Tyrosine Receptor Kinase Therapy for Cancers
Neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) has been a remarkable therapeutic target for treating different malignancies, playing an essential role in oncogenic signaling pathways. Groundbreaking trials like NAVIGATE led to the approval of NTRK inhibitors by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat different malignancies, significantly impacting current oncology treatment. Accurate detection of NTRK gene fusion becomes very important for possible targeted therapy. Various methods to detect NTRK gene fusion have been applied widely based on sensitivity, specificity, and accessibility. 
  • 399
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Factors Required for the Biosynthesis of Glycosphingolipids
As integral components of the cell membrane, glycosphingolipids (GSLs) consist of a glycosidically bound carbohydrate moiety and a lipid moiety known as ceramide. 
  • 397
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Long Noncoding RNAs in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a common cancer in women and a leading cause of mortality. With the early diagnosis and development of therapeutic drugs, the prognosis of breast cancer has markedly improved. Chemotherapy is one of the predominant strategies for the treatment of breast cancer. Taxanes, including paclitaxel and docetaxel, are widely used in the treatment of breast cancer and remarkably decrease the risk of death and recurrence. Taxane resistance caused by multiple factors significantly impacts the effect of the drug and leads to poor prognosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play a significant role in critical cellular processes, and a number of studies have illustrated that lncRNAs play vital roles in taxane resistance.
  • 396
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
N6-Methyladenosine in Epitranscriptome, Autophagy and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Changes in epitranscriptome with N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification could be involved in the development of multiple diseases, which might be a prevalent modification of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in eukaryotes. The m6A modification might be performed through the action of methyltransferases, demethylases, and methylation-binding proteins. Importantly, the m6A methylation may be associated with various neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), depression, aging-related diseases, and/or aging itself. In addition, the m6A methylation might functionally regulate the eukaryotic transcriptome by influencing the splicing, export, subcellular localization, translation, stability, and decay of mRNAs.
  • 388
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
MSC-EV-microRNAome in Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are complex and heterogeneous syndromes for which no specific therapies exist. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) administration significantly reduces tissue inflammation and remodeling, improves pathogen clearance, and reduces morbidity and mortality in multiple preclinical models of sepsis and acute lung injury (ALI, the animal corollary to ARDS) 
  • 388
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polyremase-1 Inhibition for ETS-Expressing Tumours
ETS transcription factors are a highly conserved family of proteins involved in the progression of many cancers, such as breast and prostate carcinomas, Ewing’s sarcoma, and leukaemias. This significant involvement can be explained by their roles at all stages of carcinogenesis progression. Generally, their expression in tumours is associated with a poor prognosis and an aggressive phenotype. Until now, no efficient therapeutic strategy had emerged to specifically target ETS-expressing tumours. Nevertheless, there is evidence that pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a key DNA repair enzyme, specifically sensitises ETS-expressing cancer cells to DNA damage and limits tumour progression by leading some of the cancer cells to death. These effects result from a strong interplay between ETS transcription factors and the PARP-1 enzyme.
  • 383
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
BRCA1 and p53 Tumor Suppressor Molecules in AD
Tumor suppressor molecules play a pivotal role in regulating DNA repair, cell proliferation, and cell death, which are also important processes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Generally, onset of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease may be delayed with use of dietary neuro-protective agents against oxidative stresses. Studies suggest that dietary antioxidants are also beneficial for brain health in reducing disease-risk and in slowing down disease-progression. 
  • 375
  • 08 Sep 2023
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