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Topic Review
Flexible Wearable Sensors in Medical Monitoring
Wearable devices for health monitoring are usually made into miniaturized rigid circuit boards and block power supplies placed on various parts of the human body, especially the wrist, to monitor body data in real-time.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Hypertension–Brain-Induced Complications
Hypertension is well known to alter the structure and function of cerebral blood vessels not only through its haemodynamics effects but also for its relationships with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fall Prevention for Pediatric Inpatients
Falls account for a high proportion of the safety accidents experienced by hospitalized children. This entry aims to analyze the contents and effects of fall prevention programs for pediatric inpatients to develop more adaptable fall prevention programs.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Zearalenone and the Immune Response
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic fusariotoxin, being classified as a phytoestrogen, or as a mycoestrogen. ZEA and its metabolites are able to bind to estrogen receptors, 17β-estradiol specific receptors, leading to reproductive disorders which include low fertility, abnormal fetal development, reduced litter size and modification at the level of reproductive hormones especially in female pigs. ZEA has also significant effects on immune response with immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive results. This review presents the effects of ZEA and its derivatives on all levels of the immune response such as innate immunity with its principal component inflammatory response as well as the acquired immunity with two components, humoral and cellular immune response. The mechanisms involved by ZEA in triggering its effects are addressed. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Pathway for Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is a disease that involves the accumulation of multiple genetic mutations and epigenetic changes, which results in an out-of-control cell proliferation that disrupts regular cells. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related fatalities worldwide, accounting for about 1.6 million deaths per year; it is the second most common cancer diagnosis, comprising a total of 13% of new cancer cases each year. Considering the large number of incidences and mortality numbers associated with lung cancer, there is a need for the most accurate clinical procedures.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Young People's Mental Health
There is increasing evidence of the psychological impact of COVID-19 on various population groups, with concern particularly focused on young people’s mental health. Yet to date little research has explored the views of young people themselves on the impact of living through the pandemic on their mental health. Young people's discussions on social media have highlighted the complexities of this impact and how socially embedded it has been. Forging appropriate support for young people post-pandemic will necessitate looking beyond an individualised conceptualisation of their mental health that sets this apart from broader societal concerns. Instead, both research and practice need to take a systemic approach, recognising young people’s societal belonging and social contexts.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Pandemic
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which caused coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in late 2019 in China created a devastating economical loss and loss of human lives.11 variants have been identified with minimum to maximum severity of infection and surges in cases. Bacterial co-infection/secondary infection is identified during viral respiratory infection, which is a vital reason for morbidity and mortality. The occurrence of secondary infections is an additional burden to the healthcare system; therefore, the quick diagnosis of both COVID-19 and secondary infections will reduce work pressure on healthcare workers. Therefore, well-established support from Artificial Intelligence (AI) could reduce the stress in healthcare and even help in creating novel products to defend against the coronavirus. AI is one of the rapidly growing fields with numerous applications for the healthcare sector. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
A Multifactorial Approach for Sarcopenia Assessment
Sarcopenia refers to a progressive and generalized weakness of skeletal muscle as individuals age. Sarcopenia usually occurs after the age of 60 years and is associated with a persistent decline in muscle strength, function, and quality. A comparison of the risk factors associated with sarcopenia based on the European Working Group on Sarcopenia (1 and 2) in Older People, the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (1 and 2), the International Working Group on Sarcopenia, and the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health revealed no consistent patterns. Accordingly, the identification of a single risk factor for sarcopenia is unpredictable due to its “multifactorial” pathogenesis, with the involvement of a multitude of factors.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in People with Visual Impairment
People with a visual impairment appear to have an increased risk of experiencing potentially traumatizing life events and possibly also subsequently developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Macrolide Resistance in Bordetella pertussis
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis bacterium. The mainstay of treatment is macrolide antibiotics that reduce transmissibility, shorten the duration of symptoms and decrease mortality in infants. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Saliva in SARS-COV-2 Detection
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to assess the application of a multitude of effective diagnostic specimens for conducting mass testing, for accurate diagnosis and to formulate strategies for its prevention and control. As one of the most versatile and amenable specimen options, saliva offers great advantages for widespread screening strategies due to its non-invasive properties, cost-effectiveness, excellent stability and minimal risk of cross-infection. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Molecular Hydrogen Hypothesis
Since the late 18th century, molecular hydrogen (H2) has been shown to be well tolerated, firstly in animals, and then in humans. However, although research into the beneficial effects of molecular hydrogen in both plant and mammalian physiology is gaining momentum, the idea of utilising this electrochemically neutral and non-polar diatomic compound for the benefit of health has yet to be widely accepted by regulatory bodies worldwide. Due to the precise mechanisms of H2 activity being as yet undefined, the lack of primary target identification, coupled with difficulties regarding administration methods (e.g., dosage and dosage frequencies, long-term effects of treatment, and the patient’s innate antioxidant profile), there is a requirement for H2 research to evidence how it can reasonably and most effectively be incorporated into medical practice.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a pivotal regulatory agency under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), responsible for safeguarding public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of drugs, biologics, medical devices, food, cosmetics, and tobacco products. Established in 1906, the FDA has evolved through significant legislative milestones, such as the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, expanding its regulatory scope. The agency operates through various centers, including the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), and the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), each tasked with specific regulatory functions. The FDA's responsibilities encompass drug approval, food safety, medical device regulation, and emergency public health responses, exemplified by its role in the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite facing challenges like balancing regulatory rigor with innovation, transparency concerns, and global supply chain complexities, the FDA remains a global leader in regulatory science. Looking forward, the FDA aims to adapt to technological advances, enhance global collaboration, and ensure equitable access to safe and effective medical products, thereby continuing its crucial role in public health protection.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Pulmonary Ultrasound during COVID 19
In practical terms, lung ultrasound (LUS) can be considered as an equally accurate alternative for CT in many situations where CT is not easily accessible or when molecular tests are not available. The use of lung ultrasound (LUS) as a triage tool has been proposed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemicand subsequent studies have confirmed its role. The high sensitivity of ultrasound for the superficial lesions of the lung from the interstitial stages represents its great value.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
YB1 in Triple Negative Breast Cancer
The Y Box binding protein 1 (YB1) is a multifunctional protein, found both in the cytoplasm and inside the nucleus, that belongs to the highly conserved Cold Shock Domain protein family. YB1 is highly expressed in TNBC tumors of AA origin when compared to CAs. Increased expression levels and activity of YB1 correlates with poor disease outcomes, resistance to chemotherapy, and the activation of the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype, with higher levels in AA than in CA TNBC tumors.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, secondary to sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction and excessive obliterative pulmonary vascular remodeling. Work over the last decade has led to the identification of a critical role for metabolic reprogramming in the PAH pathogenesis. It is becoming clear that in addition to its role in ATP generation, the mitochondrion is an important organelle that regulates complex and integrative metabolic- and signal transduction pathways.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Child and Adolescent Obesity
Child and adolescent obesity constitute one of the greatest contemporary public health menaces. The enduring disproportion between calorie intake and energy consumption, determined by a complex interaction of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, finally leads to the development of overweight and obesity. Child and adolescent overweight/obesity promotes smoldering systemic inflammation (“para-inflammation”) and increases the likelihood of later metabolic and cardiovascular complications, including metabolic syndrome and its components, which progressively deteriorate during adulthood. Exosomes are endosome-derived extracellular vesicles that are secreted by a variety of cells, are naturally taken-up by target cells, and may be involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Over the last decade, intensive research has been conducted regarding the special role of exosomes and the non-coding (nc) RNAs they contain (primarily micro (mi) RNAs, long (l) non-coding RNAs, messenger (m) RNAs and other molecules) in inter-cellular communications. Through their action as communication mediators, exosomes may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and associated disorders. There is increasing evidence that exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs are involved in pivotal processes of adipocyte biology and that, possibly, play important roles in gene regulation linked to human obesity. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Microdosing in Business
Abusing psychoactive substances has been a popular sport in the business world since the mid-19th century. First, they were appreciated for their stimulating or tonic effects, but later with psychedelics on the scene, their importance in subculture matured. In the last decade, it has become very popular to use LSD and cocaine in subtle doses, which provides users with a high that is enough to feel their psychoactive potential, but not as high that significant behavioral changes can be seen. Unlike regular use, microdosing is usually sufficient to affect a few without undue finish and withdrawal symptoms. It allows for abuse in the regular mode of the working week with a rest phase on the weekend. The diametric difference between the abuse of standard dosing and micro-dosing is also in the decreasing tolerance of the organism.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Foodborne Disease Caused by Salmonella
Foodborne disease caused by Salmonella is an important public health concern worldwide. Animal-based food, especially poultry meat, is the main source of human salmonellosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
AI in SARS-CoV-2 outbreak
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have expanded their utilization in different fields of medicine. During the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, AI and ML were also applied for the evaluation and/or implementation of public health interventions aimed to flatten the epidemiological curve. 
  • 1.2K
  • 29 May 2021
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