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Topic Review
HSP60
Heat shock proteins are generally responsible for preventing damage to proteins in response to high levels of heat. Heat shock proteins are classified into six major families based on their molecular mass: small HSPs, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and HSP110 HSP60 is implicated in mitochondrial protein import and macromolecular assembly. It may facilitate the correct folding of imported proteins, and may also prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions in the mitochondrial matrix. HSP60 interacts with HRAS and with HBV protein X and HTLV-1 protein p40tax. HSP60 belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family. Note: This description may include information from UniProtKB. Alternate Names: 60 kDa chaperonin, Chaperonin 60, CPN60, Heat shock protein 60, HSP-60, HuCHA60, Mitochondrial matrix protein P1, P60 lymphocyte protein, HSPD1 Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is a mitochondrial chaperonin that is typically held responsible for the transportation and refolding of proteins from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. In addition to its role as a heat shock protein, HSP60 functions as a chaperonin to assist in folding linear amino acid chains into their respective three-dimensional structure. Through the extensive study of groEL, HSP60’s bacterial homolog, HSP60 has been deemed essential in the synthesis and transportation of essential mitochondrial proteins from the cell's cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Further studies have linked HSP60 to diabetes, stress response, cancer and certain types of immunological disorders.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Perineuronal Nets
During restricted time windows of postnatal life, called critical periods, neural circuits are highly plastic and are shaped by environmental stimuli. In several mammalian brain areas, from the cerebral cortex to the hippocampus and amygdala, the closure of the critical period is dependent on the formation of perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs are condensed aggregates of an extracellular matrix (ECM) enwrapping the cell body, dendrites, and axon initial segments of several neurons in the adult central nervous system (CNS). They represent one form of an ECM in the CNS, together with the ECM that is loosely distributed in the parenchyma, the ECM that constitutes the basal lamina (which separates the CNS tissue from meningeal and vascular tissues), and the ECM that is located at the nodes of Ranvier.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Actin Cytoskeleton in Podocytes
Proteinuria is one of the hallmarks of kidney disease. Serum proteins such as albumin are prevented from being filtered into the urine by the glomerular filtration barrier of which podocytes are a key part. Podocyte structure and function are dependent on maintenance of the actin cytoskeleton in podocyte foot processes. Foot processes contain two structural and signaling hubs: the slit diaphragm and focal adhesions, both of which maintain foot process integrity and relay signals to and from the podocyte exterior in response to hemodynamic changes. The entry below describes the key components of foot process actin cytoskeleton structure and regulation. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Glycosylation of Cancer Extracellular Vesicles
Glycans are major constituents of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Alterations in the glycosylation pathway are a common feature of cancer cells, which gives rise to de novo or increased synthesis of particular glycans. Therefore, glycans and glycoproteins have been widely used in the clinic as both stratification and prognosis cancer biomarkers. Interestingly, several of the tumor-associated glycans have already been identified in cancer EVs, which constitutes valuable sources of cancer biomarkers. Furthermore, glycans have also shown to play a role in EV protein sorting, uptake and tropism. Altogether, the EV glycan signatures hold tremendous potential to be applied into the clinical setting for both biomarker discovery and as therapeutic delivery systems.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Epithelial
Respiratory diseases are frequently characterised by epithelial injury, airway inflammation, de-fective tissue repair, and airway remodelling. This may occur in a subacute or chronic context, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or occur acutely as in pathogen challenge or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Despite the frequent challenge of lung homeostasis, not all pulmonary insults lead to disease. Traditionally thought of as a quiescent organ, emerging evidence highlights that the lung has significant capacity to respond to injury by repairing and replacing damaged cells. This occurs with the appropriate and timely resolution of inflammation and concurrent initiation of tissue repair programmes. Airway epithelial cells are key effectors in lung homeostasis and host defence; continual exposure to pathogens, toxins, and particulate matter challenge homeostasis, requiring robust defence and repair mechanisms. As such, the epithelium is critically involved in the return to homeostasis, orchestrating the resolution of inflammation and initiating tissue repair. 
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mucociliary clearance
Mucociliary clearance constitutes an innate lung defense mechanism that is primarily driven by ciliated cells. Respiratory mucus traps pathogens entering the airways, and lung cilia propel them outward via their coordinated directional motion. Thus, damage to the component(s) of this apparatus is averted and physiological function is ensured. 
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Alveologenesis
Alveologenesis is the final stage of lung maturation, when an alveolar region is divided into smaller units called alveoli via the process known as secondary septation. Each of the formed septa serves as a new gas exchange surface, and all together, they dramatically increase the respiratory surface area. Alveologenesis is divided into 2 phases: classical and continued. During the classical alveologenesis, the secondary septa are formed and the number of alveoli increases. During the continued alveologenesis, the maturation and thinning of the septa occur and the size of alveoli increases. The disruption of alveologenesis leads to the simplification of the alveoli, as seen in preterm infants diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a widespread pulmonary disease that is often connected with lifelong respiratory failure.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Muse Cells
Muse cells, identified as pluripotent surface marker, stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3(+), are endogenous reparative pluripotent stem cells distributed in the bone marrow, peripheral blood and connective tissue of every organ. Since they are non-tumorigenic and do not require gene introduction or cytokine treatment to be rendered pluripotent and induce differentiation, they elicit few safety concerns. They can be delivered intravenously and do not require surgery for their administration since they selectively home to damaged site by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-S1PR2 axis after intravenous injection. Donor-Muse cells can be used without HLA-matching test or immunosuppressant treatment since they have a specific immunomodulatory system represented by HLA-G expression.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
MRGPRX2
Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2 (MRGPRX2) is a class A GPCR expressed on mast cells. Mast cells are granulated tissue-resident cells known for host cell response, allergic response, and vascular homeostasis.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Marginal Zone B-Cell Populations
Marginal zone (MZ) B-cells are innate-like, and possess a polyreactive B-cell receptor (BCR) and several pattern recognition receptors (PRR). They are known to generate low-affinity first-line antibody responses against invading pathogens such as encapsulated bacteria. Unfortunately, deregulations affecting MZ B-cell populations have been reported in the context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and other chronic inflammatory conditions. 
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Mastocytosis
Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous group of rare diseases defined by abnormal accumulation of clonal mast cells (MC) in the skin, bone marrow and/or other visceral organs.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sec61
The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex of the ER membrane represents the major entry point for precursor polypeptides into the membrane or lumen of the ER. It forms a polypeptide-conducting channel, who's gating (i.e. opening and closing) involves various interactions partners. Mutations in the genes, which are coding for the Sec61 subunits or their interaction partners, can cause diseases (termed Sec61-channelopathies).
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Notch Signaling in Inflammatory Diseases
Notch signaling, a highly conserved pathway in mammals, is crucial for differentiation and homeostasis of immune cells. The spectrum of diseases is as broad as the cellular functions controlled by Notch signaling. In various types of cancer, cerebrovascular diseases, and inherited disease syndromes, Notch signaling has been found to exert a detrimental impact as well as in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), primary biliary cirrhosis, and atherosclerosis. 
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Stem Cells
It is now well accepted that the human body contains adult stem cells or in other words post-natal stem cells that are capable of differentiating into other tissues and can regenerate or repair damaged tissues. Over the last decades, stem cell hypothesis, the development of tissue deficits due to the inability of stem cells to replenish lost cells, has become a reality. Stem cells were in a way studied by radiobiologists well before it was proposed as a hypothesis. In fact, the initial theory of the development of radiation lesions’ “target cell theory” was based on radiation-induced cell loss. Target cell theory introduced by Puck and Marcus considers cell loss as the cardinal cause of radiation induced normal tissue damage or tumour ablation. In recent years, it has been shown that the process of development of radiation damage and the damage itself starts by molecular changes long before denudation of target cells. However, one cannot deny the fact that the ultimate lesions manifest as loss of functional cells. Most bodily tissues possess a pool of clonogenic cells that are mobilised in response to assaults such as trauma or radiation. Damage to the tissue is repaired by proliferation of clonogenic or tissue specific stem cells. Sterilisation of these clonogenic cells by radiation manifests as radiation damage. In mild cases as the damage is sensed, these clonogenic cells migrate to the site of damage, and together with local surviving clonogic cells, proliferate to repair the tissue. However, in severe cases of tissue repairs, there might not be enough surviving clonogenic cells as the site of damage or sufficient number of mobilised cells to reach the site and repair the damage. Thus, the damage gets established as a result of failure of endogenous stem cells to regenerate the damaged tissue.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Control of Protein Synthesis by ERdj1, ERdj2, ERdj6
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of mammalian cells is the central organelle for the maturation and folding of transmembrane proteins and for proteins destined to be secreted into the extracellular space. The proper folding of target proteins is achieved and supervised by a complex endogenous chaperone machinery. BiP, a member of the Hsp70 protein family, is the central chaperone in the ER. The chaperoning activity of BiP is assisted by ER-resident DnaJ (ERdj) proteins due to their ability to stimulate the low, intrinsic ATPase activity of BiP. Besides their co-chaperoning activity, ERdj proteins also regulate and tightly control the translation, translocation, and degradation of proteins. Three ERdj co-chaperones, ERdj1, ERdj2, and ERdj6, are functionally involved in the control of translation and translocation of ER target proteins. 
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Cell Adhesive Force Microscopy
Cell adhesive force, exerting on the local matrix or neighboring cells, plays a critical role in regulating many cell functions and physiological processes. In the past four decades, significant efforts have been dedicated to cell adhesive force detection, visualization and quantification. Traction force microscopy (TFM) pioneered the detection and visualization of cell adhesive force. A recent important methodological advancement in cell adhesive force visualization is to ultilize fluorescent tension sensor (FTS) to convert force to fluorescence onsite, thus greatly improving the sensitivity and resolution of force imaging. Here, TFM and FTS-based imaging techniques are collectively termed as Cell Adhesive Force Microscopy (CAFM).
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas-Based Cell Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas by cytotoxic T-cells. To date, there are no drugs that can prevent the development of T1D. Insulin replacement therapy is the standard care for patients with T1D. This treatment is life-saving, but is expensive, can lead to acute and long-term complications, and results in reduced overall life expectancy. This has stimulated the research and development of alternative treatments for T1D. In this research, potential therapies for T1D are considered using cellular regenerative medicine approaches with a focus on CRISPR/Cas-engineered cellular products. However, CRISPR/Cas as a genome editing tool has several drawbacks that should be considered for safe and efficient cell engineering. In addition, cellular engineering approaches themselves pose a hidden threat. The purpose of this research is to critically discuss novel strategies for the treatment of T1D using genome editing technology. 
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sample Entropy
Sample entropy, fractal dimension, Lyapunov exponent used as nonlinear measures, and assessment of the variability of the center of pressure during standing using force plate. 
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Ferroptosis and Its Role in Chronic Diseases
Ferroptosis, which has been widely associated with many diseases, is an iron-dependent regulated cell death characterized by intracellular lipid peroxide accumulation. It exhibits morphological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics that are unique in comparison to other types of cell death. The course of ferroptosis can be accurately regulated by the metabolism of iron, lipids, amino acids, and various signal pathways. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Selective Autophagy
Autophagy is a “self-eating” process that engulfs cellular contents for their subsequent digestion in lysosomes to engage the metabolic need in response to starvation or environmental insults. According to the contents of degradation, autophagy can be divided into bulk autophagy (non-selective autophagy) and selective autophagy. Bulk autophagy degrades non-specific cytoplasmic materials in response to nutrient starvation while selective autophagy targets specific cargoes, such as damaged organelles, protein aggregates, and intracellular pathogens. Selective autophagy has been documented to relate to the reproductive processes, especially for the spermatogenesis, fertilization, and biosynthesis of testosterone.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2020
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