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Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
One of the key features associated with the substantial increase in life expectancy for individuals with CF is an elevated predisposition to cancer, firmly established by recent studies involving large cohorts. With the recent advances in CFTR modulator therapies and the increased long-term survival rate of individuals with CF, this is a novel challenge emerging at the forefront of this disease. However, the mechanisms linking dysfunctional CFTR to carcinogenesis have yet to be unravelled.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gene annotation for 'Flaviviridae' genomes
Responding to the ongoing and severe public health threat of viruses of the family Flaviviridae, including dengue, hepatitis C, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika, demands a greater understanding of how these viruses emerge and spread. Updated phylogenies are central to this understanding. Most cladograms of Flaviviridae focus on specific lineages and ignore outgroups, thus hampering the efficacy of the analysis to test ingroup monophyly and relationships. This is due to the lack of annotated Flaviviridae genomes, which has gene content variation among genera. This variation makes analysis without partitioning difficult. Therefore, we developed an annotation pipeline for the genera of Flaviviridae (Flavirirus, Hepacivirus, Pegivirus, and Pestivirus), named “Fast Loci Annotation of Viruses” (FLAVi: flavi-web.com), that combines ab initio and homology-based strategies. FLAVi recovered 100% of the genes in Flavivirus and Hepacivirus genomes. In Pegivirus and Pestivirus, annotation efficiency was 100% except for one partition each. There were no false positives. The combined phylogenetic analysis of multiple genes made possible by annotation has clear impacts over the tree topology compared to phylogenies that we inferred without outgroups or data partitioning. The final tree is largely congruent with previous hypotheses and adds evidence supporting the close phylogenetic relationship between dengue and Zika.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Obesity and Lipids
Recently, lipidomics has become an important branch of medical/clinical sciences similar to proteomics and genomics. Due to the much higher lipid accumulation in obese patients and many alterations in the compositions of various groups of lipids, the methods used for sample preparations for lipidomic studies of samples from obese subjects sometimes have to be modified. Appropriate sample preparation methods allow for the identification of a wide range of analytes by advanced analytical methods, including mass spectrometry. This is especially the case in studies with obese subjects, as the amounts of some lipids are much higher, others are present in trace amounts, and obese subjects have some specific alterations of the lipid profile. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
VDR Gene
Vitamin D receptor
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
3D Printed Silicone Meniscus Implants
Osteoarthritis of the knee with meniscal pathologies is a severe meniscal pathology suffered by the aging population worldwide. However, conventional meniscal substitutes are not 3D-printable and lack the customizability of 3D printed implants and are not mechanically robust enough for human implantation. Similarly, 3D printed hydrogel scaffolds suffer from drawbacks of being mechanically weak and as a result patients are unable to execute immediate post-surgical weight-bearing ambulation and rehabilitation. To solve this problem, we have developed a 3D silicone meniscus implant which is (1) cytocompatible, (2) resistant to cyclic loading and mechanically similar to native meniscus, and (3) directly 3D printable. The main focus of this study is to determine whether the purity, composition, structure, dimensions and mechanical properties of silicone implants are affected by the use of a custom-made in-house 3D-printer. We have used the phosphate buffer saline (PBS) absorption test, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, surface profilometry, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to effectively assess and compare material properties between molded and 3D printed silicone samples.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Energy Metabolism and Ketogenic Diets
It is well consolidated that a common mesenchymal cell progenitor shared by bone, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes cell progenitors exists. This makes the role of the skeleton in energy metabolism no longer surprising. Moreover, it also suggests that bone fragility could also be seen as a consequence of a “poor” quality in nutrition. Despite of the fact that ketogenic diet has been proven to be effective in epilepsy, long-term follow-up studies on epileptic children undergoing ketogenic diet reported an increased incidence of bone fractures and decreased bone mineral density too. However, the causes of such negative impacts on bone health have to be better defined. More recently, shorter-terms, or repeated cyclically for more or less short periods, KDs are used also in patients affected by T2DM, obesity, PCOS and so on. While possible correlations between KD and bone health were at least conceivable in children, it remains unclear whether the KD effects on bone health may be different in adults. Only few clinical studies have been adequately designed to investigate bone health are scarce and bone health related aspects, so far.  A narrative review on this issue, together practical advice on designing and implementing clinical studies on ketogenic nutritional regimens and bone health outcomes, is provided.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy
Hepatitis C virus induces autophagy and temporally regulates the autophagic flux to support its replication. It uses autophagic membranes as a platform for its RNA replication, autophagic vacuoles to support its morphogenesis and autophagy to suppress host innate immune responses.  
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine Hydrolase
S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHase) is a major regulator of cellular methylation reactions that occur in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. SAHase activity is also a significant source of l-homocysteine and adenosine, two compounds involved in numerous vital, as well as pathological processes. Therefore, apart from cellular methylation, the enzyme may also influence other processes important for the physiology of particular organisms.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Feb 2021
Topic Review
DAXX
The Death-domain associated protein 6 (DAXX) is an evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein that is implicated in many cellular processes, including transcription, cellular proliferation, cell cycle regulation, Fas-induced apoptosis, and many other events.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Periodontal Diseases
Periodontal diseases, in the light of the new classification, have been divided into three general categories: gum disease, periodontitis, and other conditions affecting the periodontium.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Electrochemical Sensors for Bromate Determination
Potassium bromate (KBrO3), a renowned oxidizing agent, has a huge reputation for being one of the best and least expensive dough-improving substances in the baking industry. As such, its importance in the baking industry cannot be overemphasized. KBrO3 produced the desired result in baking by influencing the physical and chemical properties of macromolecules such as protein and starch often found in the dough. Precisely, the viscosity, extent of gelatinization, swelling characteristics of the dough, and disulfide linkage formation (in gluten proteins) are affected by the use of KBrO3 as an additive in bread baking. Bromate has been found to be a product of water treatment due to bromide ion oxidation that occurs during ozonation.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Lung
The gut microbiota is often mentioned as a “forgotten organ” or “metabolic organ”, given its profound impact on host physiology, metabolism, immune function and nutrition. A healthy diet is undoubtedly a major contributor for promoting a “good” microbial community that turns out to be crucial for a fine-tuned symbiotic relationship with the host. Meanwhile, diet is a key modifiable factor influencing the gut microbiota in several lung diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of both type 1 and 2 diabetes. As a result, neuropathic pain, diabetic foot ulcers and lower-limb amputations impact drastically on quality of life, contributing to the individual, societal, financial and healthcare burden of diabetes.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Vaccines for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Head and Neck Cancers
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as a significant risk factor for head and neck cancers worldwide, and it is the most common cause of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States. Prophylactic HPV vaccines have demonstrated effectiveness against oral infection of HPV 16 and HPV 18. There are also various strategies in development of therapeutic HPV vaccines underway.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Classes of Translational Readthrough-Inducing Drugs
Translational Readthrough-Inducing Drugs (TRIDs) can affect various biomolecular targets, leading to different types of readthrough.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Screw Fixation in Patients with Osteoporotic Spine
Osteoporosis is a common disease in elderly populations and is a major public health problem worldwide. It is not uncommon for spine surgeons to perform spinal instrumented fusion surgeries for osteoporotic patients. In patients with severe osteoporosis, instrumented fusion may result in screw loosening, implant failure or nonunion because of a poor bone quality and decreased pedicle screw stability as well as increased graft subsidence risk.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Phasing-Out of Animal Testing in Cosmetics
Almost a decade after the stipulated deadline in the 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive, which bans the marketing of animal-tested cosmetics in the EU from 2013, animal experimentation for cosmetic-related purposes remains a topic of animated debate.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
CeCILL
CeCILL (from CEA CNRS INRIA Logiciel Libre) is a free software license adapted to both international and French legal matters, in the spirit of and retaining compatibility with the GNU General Public License (GPL). It was jointly developed by a number of France agencies: the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (Atomic Energy Commission), the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (National Centre for Scientific Research) and the Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique (National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control). It was announced on 5 July 2004 in a joint press communication of the CEA, CNRS and INRIA. It has gained support of the main French Linux User Group and the Minister of Public Function, and was considered for adoption at the European level before the European Union Public Licence was created.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
C. V. Subramanian
Chirayathumadom Venkatachalier Subramanian (11 August 1924–5 February 2016), popularly known as CVS, was an Indian mycologist, taxonomist and plant pathologist, known for his work on the classification of Fungi imperfecti, a group of fungi classified separately due to lack of specific taxonomic characteristics. He authored one monograph, Hyphomycetes: An Account of Indian Species, Except Cercosporae and three books, Hyphomycetes, taxonomy and biology, Moulds, Mushrooms and Men and Soil microfungi of Israel, besides several articles published in peer reviewed journals. He was a recipient of many honours including the Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, the Janaki Ammal National Award of the Government of India and seven species of fungi have been named after him. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1965, for his contributions to biological sciences.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bulk and Microfluidic-Based pH Sensors
The determination of pH is of paramount importance in environmental, pharmaceutical, and medicinal sciences, etc., for accurate controlling, monitoring, and adjusting whole processes on microscale and macroscale. Therefore, the pH measurements have drawn continuous efforts from a great deal of research. The bulk pH determination can tackle part of the demands from laboratories and industrial applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2022
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