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Topic Review
Production of 2D Bismuthene
Bismuthene exhibits layer-dependent direct bandgaps, high carrier mobility, and topological insulator properties because of its unique structure and ultrathin nature, distinguishing it as a promising candidate for photonic applications. Particularly, its outstanding stability in air makes bismuthene more advantageous than phosphorene for practical applications. Effective fabrication methods to realize high quality bismuthene are the key to realizing devices with outstanding performance. It is well known that top-down and bottom-up methods are the two main strategies for synthesizing 2D materials.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Solid-Phase Extraction/Pre-Concentration Strategies for Drug Analysis
Despite the fact that strong routine separation methodologies can give reliable specificity and validity at usual working pharmaceutical concentrations, they may fail at very low concentration levels. This poses considerable challenges for researchers investigating product purity and therapeutic drug monitoring. Sensitivity enhancement procedures are thus required to maximize the performance of separation techniques. Solid-phase extraction/solid-phase enrichment (SPE/SPEn) and pre-, post-, and in-column derivatization, as well as the use of sensitive detection devices, are the simplest strategies for improving sensitivity of separation-based analytical techniques. Large-volume injection of samples with online SPE/SPEn coupled with separation techniques increased sensitivity and improved detection as well as quantification limits without affecting peak shape and system performance. 
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Urban Transit Routing Problem
The Urban Transit Routing Problem (UTRP) is a challenging problem in transportation planning that involves designing and optimizing transit route networks for urban areas. The objective is to find the most efficient routes for public transportation vehicles, considering factors such as travel time, passenger demand, transfer connections, vehicle capacities, operating costs, and environmental impacts. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Gastric Cancer in the Molecular Era
Gastric cancer (GC) is a heterogeneous disease, often diagnosed at advanced stages, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. Numerous molecular alterations have been identified in GC, leading to various molecular classifications, such as those developed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG). 
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Microbiome in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal cancer and less than 10% of patients survive the 5-year mark. The molecular and biological underpinnings leading to this dismal prognosis are well-described, however, translation of these findings with subsequent improvement of the poor prognosis has been slow. The complex and dynamic accumulation of microbes, also called the microbiome, has attracted scientific interest in the pathogenesis of several diseases including pancreatic cancer. Since then, a limited number of significant findings were published pointing towards an important role of the microbiome in cancer, in particular pancreatic cancer.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Water Desalination Systems Based on Renewable Energy Resources
Water desalination (WD) has been required for the supply of drinking water in a number of countries. Various technologies of WD utilize considerable thermal and/or electrical energies for removing undesirable salts. Desalination systems now rely on renewable energy resources (RERs) such as geothermal, solar, tidal, wind power, etc. The intermittent nature and changeable intensity constrain the wide applications of renewable energy, so the combination of energy storage systems (ESSs) with WD in many locations has been introduced.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
K+-2Cl− cotransporter 2 (KCC2)
Intracellular chloride levels in the brain are regulated primarily through the opposing effects of two cation-chloride co-transporters (CCCs), namely K+-Cl− co-transporter-2 (KCC2) and Na+-K+-Cl− co-transporter-1 (NKCC1). These CCCs are differentially expressed throughout the course of development, thereby determining the excitatory-to-inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) switch. GABAergic excitation (depolarisation) is important in controlling the healthy development of the nervous system; as the brain matures, GABAergic inhibition (hyperpolarisation) prevails. This developmental switch in excitability is important, as uncontrolled regulation of neuronal excitability can have implications for health.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Its Tumor Microenvironment
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is a clinically and morphologically heterogeneous entity that has continued to resist complete subtyping. Molecular subtyping efforts emerged in earnest with the advent of gene expression profiling (GEP). This molecular subtyping approach has continued to evolve simultaneously with others including immunohistochemistry and more modern genomic approaches. The veritable explosion of genomic data availability and evolving computational methodologies have provided additional avenues, by which further understanding and subclassification of DBLCLs is possible.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
GEFS+
Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is a spectrum of seizure disorders of varying severity.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Primary Healthcare
Total health expenditure in China has grown considerably since a new round of health system reform was enacted in 2009. Researchers have shown that strengthening primary healthcare may be an option for countries to solve the rapid expansion of their medical expenditures. This study was designed to explore the association between the strength of primary healthcare and medical expenditures, in the context of the hospital-oriented healthcare system in China. A longitudinal ecological study was conducted using a 5-year panel dataset of 27 provinces in mainland China. The linear mixed effects regression model was used to assess the effects of primary healthcare-related metrics on medical expenditures, controlling for the provincial level specialty care physician supply and socio-economic parameters. All of the three primary healthcare-related metrics showed negative associations with the two medical expenditure parameters. Primary care physicians per 10,000 population was significantly associated with the per capita hospital medical expenditures (p < 0.05), and the percentage of public health expenditure in total health expenditure was significantly associated with both per capita total medical expenditure and per capita hospital medical expenditures (p < 0.01 for both). Our study found negative associations between the primary healthcare capacity and medical expenditure in the context of hospital-oriented healthcare systems in China, adding to the previous evidence that primary healthcare may play a positive role in reducing medical expenditure. Policies on increasing the primary care physician supply and the public share of total health expenditure should be conducted to strengthen the primary healthcare system. With the gradual advance of medical reform and the policy inclination to primary healthcare, this will play a more important role in controlling the rapid growth of medical expenditure.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
UHRF1 in the ECREM Complex
The abnormal DNA methylation profiles are transmitted from the cancer mother cell to the daughter cells through the involvement of a macromolecular complex in which the ubiquitin-like containing plant homeodomain (PHD), and an interesting new gene (RING) finger domains 1 (UHRF1), play the role of conductor. Indeed, UHRF1 interacts with epigenetic writers, such as DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), histone methyltransferase G9a, erasers like histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), and functions as a hub protein. Thus, targeting UHRF1 and/or its partners is a promising strategy for epigenetic cancer therapy. The natural compound thymoquinone (TQ) exhibits anticancer activities by targeting several cellular signaling pathways, including those involving UHRF1.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Imogolite Nanotubes
Imogolite nanotubes (INTs) represent a model of nanoplatforms with an untapped potential for advanced technological applications. Easily synthesized by sol-gel methods, these nanotubes are directly obtained with a monodisperse pore size. Coupled with the possibility to adjust their surface properties by using straightforward functionalization processes, INTs form a unique class of diameter-controlled nanotubes with functional interfaces. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Malignant Transformation of Postmenopausal Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a disease that affects 6–10% of women of reproductive age. Although it is a benign condition, endometriotic lesions have around a 1% risk of malignant transformation. Since endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease, it can be expected to resolve or disappear in menopause. However, the prevalence of menopausal endometriosis is 2–4%. In these cases, the risk of malignant transformation is a rare but possible event. 
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Yoga: A Complementary Treatment of Mental Health Concerns
Yoga is a broad umbrella term for a variety of philosophical tenets and lifestyle practices, the most common of which in biomedical cultures is hatha yoga. Yoga has been tested mostly as a complementary treatment to standard psychiatric and psychotherapeutic approaches. Findings from efficacy trials largely support the notion that yoga is helpful in reducing symptoms of many psychiatric conditions, including anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, above and beyond the effects achieved by standard pharmacological treatments alone. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Graphene: From Fabrication to Applications
In the new era of modern flexible and bendable technology, graphene-based materials have attracted tremendous attention. The excellent electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of graphene as well as the ease of functionalization of its derivates enable graphene to become an attractive candidate in the construction of flexible devices.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Plant Kunitz Inhibitors and Their Interaction with Proteases
Plant Kunitz inhibitors generally exhibit highly conserved primary structures. These inhibitors usually have a reactive site located in the region that binds to the enzyme, and the formation of the enzyme–inhibitor complex occurs in 1:1 stoichiometry. Their reactive sites are frequently composed of Arg and Lys; they may occasionally contain Glu, Ala, or Val.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Microbiota of Sand Flies
Sand flies are a significant public health concern in many parts of the world where they are known to transmit agents of several zoonotic diseases to humans, such as leishmaniasis. Vector control remains a key component of many anti-leishmaniasis programs and probably will remain so until an effective vaccine becomes available. The sand fly gut microbiota has emerged as an encouraging field for the exploration of vector-based disease control. In particular, the gut microbiome was previously reported to either enhance or inhibit parasite activity depending on the species of bacteria and, thus, has the potential to alter vector competence. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy in Breast Cancer
Boron neutron capture (BNCT) is a biologically targeted, densely ionizing form of radiation therapy that allows for increased tumor cell kill, while reducing toxicity to surrounding normal tissues. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Heterologous Host for Alternative Production of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) are plant specialized metabolites with therapeutic properties exclusively produced by the Amaryllidaceae plant family. Bioengineered microbial hosts that grow rapidly can produce plant target specialized metabolites faster as compared to whole plant systems. In addition, the production of plant metabolites in heterologous hosts can reduce downstream extraction process, which eventually becomes more economically sustainable. For the successful synthesis of plant metabolites such as AAs, heterologous hosts require the introduction of reconstructed biosynthetic pathway, requiring key enzymes. This requires comprehensive knowledge of the enzymatic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of the compound of interest in the native host organisms (i.e., plants).
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Royal Society Bakerian Medal
The Bakerian Medal is one of the premier medals of the Royal Society that recognizes exceptional and outstanding science. It comes with a medal award and a prize lecture. The medalist is required to give a lecture on any topic related to physical sciences. It is awarded annually to individuals in the field of physical sciences, including computer science.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Nov 2022
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