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Topic Review
BIM
BIM is defined as the “construction of a model that contains the information about a building from all phases of the building life cycle” and defined by as “a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such, it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life cycle from inception onward”.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Sludge Co-Pyrolysis Technology
Pyrolysis, one of the main technologies for sludge treatment, has the advantages of thorough treatment, volume minimization, and the recovery of high-value products. However, sludge pyrolysis is often associated with problems such as high volatility and low ash content, as well as poor application performance of pyrolysis residues. Co-pyrolysis technology has reduced pyrolysis energy consumption and improved the range and quality of pyrolysis product applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Photoresponsive Supramolecular Systems
Photosensitive supramolecular systems have garnered attention due to their potential to catalyze highly specific tasks through structural changes triggered by a light stimulus. The tunability of their chemical structure and charge transfer properties provides opportunities for designing and developing smart materials for multidisciplinary applications. Photoswitchable systems designed to catalyze chemical reactions must incorporate the appropriate photochromic units into the system to translate the structural switching states into a different chemical reactivity. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nanotube Functionalization
The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are modified by different routes, such as covalent and non-covalent modification of the outer surface, the substitution of atoms or the filling of CNT channels. Covalent functionalization (adsorption) requires reactive species that can form covalent adducts with the sp2 carbon of CNT. The main advantage of the covalent functionalization of CNTs is that it is stronger than non-covalent interactions, however, it requires damage to the sidewalls. Unlike non-covalent functionalization, it changes the electronic structure, resulting in the irreversible loss of double bonds. These changes can affect conductivity properties and therefore, some applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Electrospinning of Essential Oils
Essential oils (EOs) have been widely exploited for their biological properties (mainly as antimicrobials) in the food industry. Encapsulation of EOs has opened the way to the utilization of EOs in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Electrospinning (ES) has proved a convenient and versatile method for the encapsulation of EOs into multifunctional nanofibers.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Recovery Model
The recovery model, recovery approach or psychological recovery is an approach to mental disorder or substance dependence that emphasizes and supports a person's potential for recovery. Recovery is generally seen in this model as a personal journey rather than a set outcome, and one that may involve developing hope, a secure base and sense of self, supportive relationships, empowerment, social inclusion, coping skills, and meaning. Recovery sees symptoms as a continuum of the norm rather than an aberration and rejects sane-insane dichotomy. William Anthony, Director of the Boston Centre for Psychiatric Rehabilitation developed a quaint cornerstone definition of mental health recovery in 1993. "Recovery is a deeply personal, unique process of changing one's attitudes, values, feelings, goals, skills and/or roles. It is a way of living a satisfying, hopeful, and contributing life even with limitations caused by the illness. Recovery involves the development of new meaning and purpose in one's life as one grows beyond the catastrophic effects of mental illness." The use of the concept in mental health emerged as deinstitutionalization resulted in more individuals living in the community. It gained impetus as a social movement due to a perceived failure by services or wider society to adequately support social inclusion, and to studies demonstrating that many people do recover. A recovery approach has now been explicitly adopted as the guiding principle of the mental health or substance dependency policies of a number of countries and states. In many cases practical steps are being taken to base services on a recovery model, although a range of obstacles, concerns and criticisms have been raised both by service providers and by recipients of services. A number of standardized measures have been developed to assess aspects of recovery, although there is some variation between professionalized models and those originating in the psychiatric survivors movement.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are employed in several fields, such as mechanical engineering, medicine, and civil engineering. CFD solvers are numerical tools for simulating fluid flow characteristics to design, analyze, or optimize fluid flow behavior.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Critical Incident Technique
The Critical Incident Technique (or CIT) is a set of procedures used for collecting direct observations of human behavior that have critical significance and meet methodically defined criteria. These observations are then kept track of as incidents, which are then used to solve practical problems and develop broad psychological principles. A critical incident can be described as one that makes a contribution—either positively or negatively—to an activity or phenomenon. Critical incidents can be gathered in various ways, but typically respondents are asked to tell a story about an experience they have had. CIT is a flexible method that usually relies on five major areas. The first is determining and reviewing the incident, then fact-finding, which involves collecting the details of the incident from the participants. When all of the facts are collected, the next step is to identify the issues. Afterwards a decision can be made on how to resolve the issues based on various possible solutions. The final and most important aspect is the evaluation, which will determine if the solution that was selected will solve the root cause of the situation and will cause no further problems.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Inflammation in Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a pathological neurological condition leading to significant motor dysfunction. SCI is most often caused by mechanical damage (also called primary damage) and the secondary damage that is caused by inflammation. The initial injury triggers successive pathophysiological cascades and activates cellular processes that contribute to secondary tissue damage. The blood–spinal cord barrier is destroyed, which promotes the infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes into the damaged area.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Functionalization of Long-Period Fiber Grating-Based Biosensors
Long-period fiber grating (LPFG)-based biosensors are being increasingly proposed due to their intrinsic advantages over conventional sensors, including their compactness, potential remote control and immunity to electromagnetic interference. When designing a biosensor, it is a key technological step to select the sensitive material suitable for the biological target. Therefore, the functionalization of LPFG-based biosensor is a fundamental step in realizing biochemical applications. Several common functionalization methods are introduced in detailed, such as covalent immobilization of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane silanization and graphene oxide  functionalization, and noncovalent immobilization of layer-by-layer assembly method.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning-based Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Visual Features
Drowsiness-related car accidents continue to have a significant effect on road safety. Many of these accidents can be eliminated by alerting the drivers once they start feeling drowsy. Image-based systems are the most commonly used techniques for detecting driver drowsiness. Facial parameters such as the eyes, mouth, and head can be used to identify many visual behaviors that fatigued people exhibit.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Photonic Sensing Devices
Photonic sensing devices have become increasingly important in various fields such as agriculture, medicine, biochemical sensing, and manufacturing. They are highly sensitive and can classify minor changes in the physical and chemical properties of the ambient medium with high precision. This makes them practical in applications where accurate measurements are critical, such as medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Patent Analysis and Tools
Patent analysis is a field that concerns the analysis of patent records, for the purpose of extracting insights and trends, and it is widely used in various fields. Despite the abundance of proprietary software employed for this purpose, there is currently a lack of easy-to-use and publicly available software that can offer simple and intuitive visualizations, while advocating for open science and scientific software development.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an idiopathic chronic autoimmune disease that can affect any organ in the body, including the neurological system. Multiple factors, such as environmental (infections), genetic (many HLA alleles including DR2 and DR3, and genes including C4), and immunological influences on self-antigens, such as nuclear antigens, lead to the formation of multiple autoantibodies that cause deleterious damage to bodily tissues and organs. The production of autoantibodies, such as anti-dsDNA, anti-SS(A), anti-SS(B), anti-Smith, and anti-neuronal DNA are characteristic features of this disease. Patients with SLE also present numerous neuropsychiatric manifestations. These neuropsychiatric manifestations are referred to as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). NPSLE affects both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and can present as various symptoms, such as cognitive dysfunction, organic brain syndromes, delirium, seizures, headache, and psychosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
AI Agent Model for Extrinsic Emotion Regulation
Emotion regulation is the human ability to modulate one’s or other emotions to maintain emotional well-being. Despite its importance, only a few computational models have been proposed for facilitating emotion regulation. To address this gap, a computational model for intelligent agents has been proposed for facilitating emotion regulation in individuals. This model is grounded in a multidimensional emotion representation and on J. Gross’s theoretical framework of emotion regulation. In this apporach, an intelligent agent selects the most appropriate regulation strategies to reach or maintain an individual’s emotional equilibrium considering the individual’s personality traits and specific characteristics.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Approaches to Identify Functional SNPs in mRNA 3′UTRs
The complementary interaction of microRNAs (miRNAs) with their binding sites in the 3′untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of target gene mRNAs represses translation, playing a leading role in gene expression control. MiRNA recognition elements (MREs) in the 3′UTRs of genes often contain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which can change the binding affinity for target miRNAs leading to dysregulated gene expression. Accumulated data suggest that these SNPs can be associated with various human pathologies (cancer, diabetes, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cardiovascular diseases) by disturbing the interaction of miRNAs with their MREs located in mRNA 3′UTRs. Numerous data show the role of SNPs in 3′UTR MREs in individual drug susceptibility and drug resistance mechanisms. This work brief the data on such SNPs focusing on the most rigorously proven cases. Some SNPs belong to conventional genes from the drug-metabolizing system (in particular, the genes coding for cytochromes P450 (CYP 450), phase II enzymes (SULT1A1 and UGT1A), and ABCB3 transporter and their expression regulators (PXR and GATA4)). Other examples of SNPs are related to the genes involved in DNA repair, RNA editing, and specific drug metabolisms. The gene-by-gene studies and genome-wide approaches utilized or potentially utilizable to detect the MRE SNPs associated with individual response to drugs discussed.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Liposomal systems in Cancer immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy has shown remarkable progress in recent years. Nanocarriers, such as liposomes, have favorable advantages with the potential to further improve cancer immunotherapy and even stronger immune responses by improving cell type-specific delivery and enhancing drug efficacy. Liposomes can offer solutions to common problems faced by several cancer immunotherapies, including the following: (1) Vaccination: Liposomes can improve the delivery of antigens and other stimulatory molecules to antigen-presenting cells or T cells; (2) Tumor normalization: Liposomes can deliver drugs selectively to the tumor microenvironment to overcome the immune-suppressive state; (3) Rewiring of tumor signaling: Liposomes can be used for the delivery of specific drugs to specific cell types to correct or modulate pathways to facilitate better anti-tumor immune responses; (4) Combinational therapy: Liposomes are ideal vehicles for the simultaneous delivery of drugs to be combined with other therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and phototherapy.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Shaken Baby Syndrome
In the context of child abuse spectrum, abusive head trauma (AHT) represents the leading cause of fatal head injuries in children less than 2 years of age. Immature brain is characterized by high water content, partially myelinated neurons, and prominent subarachnoid space, thus being susceptible of devastating damage as consequence of acceleration–deceleration and rotational forces developed by violent shaking mechanism. Diagnosis of AHT is not straightforward and represents a medical, forensic, and social challenge, based on a multidisciplinary approach. Beside a detailed anamnesis, neuroimaging is essential to identify signs suggestive of AHT, often in absence of external detectable lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents the radiation-free modality of choice to investigate the most typical findings in AHT, such as subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhage, and hypoxic-ischemic damage and it also allows to detect more subtle signs as parenchymal lacerations, cranio-cervical junction, and spinal injuries.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
ICI-Based Combination Therapy for HCC
Advanced, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma has a dismal outcome. Multiple immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed-cell death 1 pathway (PD-1/L1) have been approved for the treatment of advanced HCC. However, outcomes remain undesirable and unpredictable on a patient-to-patient basis. The combination of anti-PD-1/L1 with alternative agents, chiefly cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) ICIs or agents targeting other oncogenic pathways such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway and the c-MET pathway, has, in addition to the benefit of directly targeting alterative oncogenic pathways, in vitro evidence of synergism through altering the genomic and function signatures of T cells and expression of immune checkpoints. Several trials have been completed or are underway evaluating such combinations. Finally, studies utilizing transcriptomics and organoids are underway to establish biomarkers to predict ICI response. 
  • 1.2K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Wearable Devices and Work Safety
Today, ensuring work safety is considered to be one of the top priorities for various industries. Workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths often entail substantial production and financial losses, governmental checks, series of dismissals, and loss of reputation. Wearable devices are one of the technologies that flourished with the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0, allowing employers to monitor and maintain safety at workplaces.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jun 2021
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