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Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet
The ketogenic diet, initially introduced in the early nineteenth century, refers to a diet pattern that is low in carbohydrates and high in fat with a moderate proportion of protein (1.2–1.5 g/kg).
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
IL7RA
Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a critical cytokine that plays a fundamental role in B- and T-cell development and in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Its receptor (IL7R) is a transmembrane heterodimer formed by the IL7Rα and the IL2Rγ chain (γc). The IL7R signals through the JAK/STAT pathway. Loss-of-function mutations and some polymorphisms of the IL7Rα were associated to immunodeficiency and inflammatory diseases, respectively. Gain-of-function mutations were described in T-cell ALL and in high risk precursor B-cell ALL. Most confirmed loss-of-function mutations occur in the extracellular part of the IL7Rα while oncogenic mutations are exclusively found in the extracellular juxtamembrane (EJM) or transmembrane regions. Oncogenic mutations promote either IL7Rα/IL7Rα homodimerization and constitutive signaling, or increased affinity to γc or IL-7. This work presents a review on IL7Rα polymorphisms/mutations and attempts to present a classification based on their structural consequences and resulting biological activity.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Olfactory Optogenetics
The mammalian olfactory system has an amazing ability to distinguish thousands of odorant molecules at the trace level. Scientists have made great achievements on revealing the olfactory sensing mechanisms in decades; even though many issues need addressing. Optogenetics provides a novel technical approach to solve this dilemma by utilizing light to illuminate specific part of the olfactory system; which can be used in all corners of the olfactory system for revealing the olfactory mechanism. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Green Goldmining
Green goldmining was proposed since goldmining has brought about hardship in local communities through pollution of water and air; lost grazing and agricultural land; the creation of unprotected mining pits; exploitation and depletion of natural resources; as well as forced eviction and relocation of communities without fair compensation. Environmental management accounting practices are suggested to facilitate greener goldmining processes.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
History of Membrane Technology in Spain
This significant amount of research publications in membrane technology in Spain covers almost all the fields of membranes, both fundamental and applied.shows in fact that the major subject categories involved are Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, with transversal contributions from other categories as Materials and Environmental Science, which aim at the appointed potential of membrane technology as an alternative solution to existing processes in industry as will be discussed later. Furthermore, there is an important contribution of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology that gives an idea of the close relation between membranes and Biological Sciences, although in this analysis, out of about 2700 documents, some could be surely more related with biological than synthetic membranes.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Influenza Virus Polymerase Acidic (PA) Endonuclease Inhibitor
Drug repurposing can quickly and effectively identify novel drug repurposing opportunities. The PA endonuclease catalytic site has recently become regarded as an attractive target for the screening of anti-influenza drugs. PA N-terminal (PAN) inhibitor can inhibit the entire PA endonuclease activity. In this study, we screened the effectivity of PAN inhibitors from the FDA database through in silico methods and in vitro experiments. PAN and mutant PAN-I38T were chosen as virtual screening targets for overcoming drug resistance. Gel-based PA endonuclease analysis determined that the drug lifitegrast can effectively inhibit PAN and PAN-I38T, when the IC50 is 32.82 ± 1.34 μM and 26.81 ± 1.2 μM, respectively. Molecular docking calculation showed that lifitegrast interacted with the residues around PA or PA-I38 T’s active site, occupying the catalytic site pocket. Both PAN/PAN-I38T and lifitegrast can acquire good equilibrium in 100 ns molecular dynamic simulation. Because of these properties, lifitegrast, which can effectively inhibit PA endonuclease activity, was screened through in silico and in vitro research. This new research will be of significance in developing more effective and selective drugs for anti-influenza therapy.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biological-Based Produced Water Treatment Using Microalgae
Produced water (PW) is the most significant waste stream generated in the oil and gas industries. The generated PW has the potential to be a useful water source rather than waste. While a variety of technologies can be used for the treatment of PW for reuse, biological-based technologies are an effective and sustainable remediation method. Specifically, microalgae, which are a cost-effective and sustainable process that use nutrients to eliminate organic pollutants from PW during the bioremediation process. In these treatment processes, microalgae grow in PW free of charge, eliminate pollutants, and generate clean water that can be recycled and reused. This helps to reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere while simultaneously producing biofuels, other useful chemicals, and added-value products. 
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Biliary Atresia
Biliary atresia is an aggressive liver disease of infancy and can cause death without timely surgical intervention. Early diagnosis of biliary atresia is critical to the recovery of bile drainage and long-term transplant-free survival. Ultrasound is recommended as the initial imaging strategy for the diagnosis of biliary atresia. Numerous ultrasound features have been proved helpful for the diagnosis of biliary atresia. In recent years, with the help of new technologies such as elastography ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and artificial intelligence, the diagnostic performance of ultrasound has been significantly improved.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Heme Oxygenase 1 for Inflammatory Disease
Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation, is involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, exerting a cytoprotective role by its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory functions. HO-1 and its end products, biliverdin (BV), carbon monoxide (CO) and free iron (Fe2+), confer cytoprotection against inflammatory and oxidative injury. Additionally, HO-1 exerts antiviral properties against a diverse range of viral infections by interfering with replication or activating the interferon (IFN) pathway. Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are characterized by systemic hyperinflammation, which, in some cases, leads to severe or fatal symptoms as a consequence of respiratory failure, lung and heart damage, kidney failure, and nervous system complications. Here we summarize the current research on the protective role of HO-1 in inflammatory diseases and against a wide range of viral infections, positioning HO-1 as an attractive target to ameliorate clinical manifestations during COVID-19.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Driving Factors for R&D Intensity
Research and development (R&D) has long been recognized as an important component of sustainable development, with a key role in the combatting of climate change. Moreover, R&D activity is increasingly acknowledged as an important contributing factor to global post-pandemic economic recovery. However, little is known about the determinants of R&D intensity (the share of R&D expenditure in GDP) and countries have repeatedly missed their set targets for this indicator. 
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Null Allele Problem in Pedigree Reconstruction in Viticulture
Null alleles are alleles that are recessive to codominant markers without any effect on the phenotype. In simple sequence repeats (SSR) assays, there are several reasons for the lack of amplification at a locus: the primer does not bind well, longer fragments do not amplify due to imperfections in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or the amount of DNA in the sample is insufficient. In microsatellite studies, null alleles are mostly used in pedigree analysis and population genetics calculations such as diversity estimation. Null alleles in pedigree analysis can cause rejection of the true parent; if not recognized while in population genetics they distort the results in underestimating diversity. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Novel Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Targeting HIV Reservoirs
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is prescribed for HIV infection and, to a certain extent, limits the infection’s spread. Nanopharmaceuticals offer excellent treatment options for HIV infections by improving the drug potency/efficacy, lowering the dose-related toxicities, and providing active targeting options to the remote HIV reservoirs, leading to the near-total eradication of the virus. Nanopharmaceuticals offer advantages over conventional drug delivery, such as an encapsulation of the drug in nanocarriers, despite its physiochemical properties, providing long-acting treatment options and reducing the dosing because of selective targeting and improvements to the bioavailability of the hydrophobic drugs and adherence of the patients. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Synchrotron Light Source
A synchrotron light source is a source of electromagnetic radiation (EM) usually produced by a storage ring, for scientific and technical purposes. First observed in synchrotrons, synchrotron light is now produced by storage rings and other specialized particle accelerators, typically accelerating electrons. Once the high-energy electron beam has been generated, it is directed into auxiliary components such as bending magnets and insertion devices (undulators or wigglers) in storage rings and free electron lasers. These supply the strong magnetic fields perpendicular to the beam which are needed to convert high energy electrons into photons. The major applications of synchrotron light are in condensed matter physics, materials science, biology and medicine. A large fraction of experiments using synchrotron light involve probing the structure of matter from the sub-nanometer level of electronic structure to the micrometer and millimeter level important in medical imaging. An example of a practical industrial application is the manufacturing of microstructures by the LIGA process.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cork Development
The cork layer present in all dicotyledonous plant species with radial growth is the result of the phellogen activity, a secondary meristem that produces phellem (cork) to the outside and phelloderm inwards. These three different tissues form the periderm, an efficient protective tissue working as a barrier against external factors such as environmental aggressions and pathogen attacks. 
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Loess in Xinjiang, China
The loess in the arid area of Xinjiang is located at the eastern end of the Central Asia Loess Belt, and paleoclimate research about it is of great importance for understanding the mechanism of interaction of the Eurasian Westerly monsoon system and the aridity of Central Asia. Loess sediments have been mainly distributed on the river terraces and windward piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains since the late Pliocene (mainly late Pleistocene). Grain size and age data show that Xinjiang loess deposits at some locations are rapid and discontinuous or sedimentary hiatus. The Siberian High system largely controlled dust mobilization and loess accumulation in northern Xinjiang but not southern Xinjiang. In southern Central Asia, the intensity of dust activity may be determined by the Caspian Sea–Hindu Kush Index (CasHKI) and local circulation. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Aperiodic Frequency
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency and angular frequency. Frequency is measured in units of hertz (Hz) which is equal to one occurrence of a repeating event per second. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. For example: if a newborn baby's heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute (2 hertz), its period, T, — the time interval between beats—is half a second (60 seconds divided by 120 beats). Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as mechanical vibrations, audio signals (sound), radio waves, and light.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Ca2+ Signaling and Bioenergetics in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a hereditary and sporadic neurodegenerative illness defined by the gradual and cumulative loss of neurons in specific brain areas. The processes that cause AD are still under investigation and there are no available therapies to halt it. Progress puts at the forefront the “calcium (Ca2+) hypothesis” as a key AD pathogenic pathway, impacting neuronal, astrocyte and microglial function. An increasing body of evidence points out the early and crucial role of cellular Ca2+ handling dysregulation in AD pathogenesis. Interestingly, Ca2+ is a key regulator of several mitochondrial functions, such as ATP production, and brain cells rely mostly on OXPHOS to match their energy demands.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fault Detection in Building Systems
Energy consumption in buildings is a significant cost to the building’s operation. As faults are introduced to the system, building energy consumption may increase and may cause a loss in occupant productivity due to poor thermal comfort. Research towards automated fault detection and diagnostics has accelerated in recent history. Rule-based methods have been developed for decades to great success, but recent advances in computing power have opened new doors for more complex processing techniques which could be used for more accurate results.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Selenium Nanoparticles
Dietary selenium (Se) intake within the physiological range is critical to maintain various biological functions, including antioxidant defence, redox homeostasis, growth, reproduction, immunity, and thyroid hormone production. Chemical forms of dietary Se are diverse, including organic Se (selenomethionine, selenocysteine, and selenium-methyl-selenocysteine) and inorganic Se (selenate and selenite). Previous studies have largely investigated and compared the health impacts of dietary Se on agricultural stock and humans, where dietary Se has shown various benefits, including enhanced growth performance, immune functions, and nutritional quality of meats, with reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, and finally enhanced thyroid health and fertility in humans. The emergence of nanoparticles presents a novel and innovative technology. Notably, Se in the form of nanoparticles (SeNPs) has lower toxicity, higher bioavailability, lower excretion in animals, and is linked to more powerful and superior biological activities (at a comparable Se dose) than traditional chemical forms of dietary Se. As a result, the development of tailored SeNPs for their use in intensive agriculture and as an innovative candidate for therapeutic drugs for human pathologies is being actively explored. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Superhydrophobic Titanium-Based Implants for Antibacterial Applications
Titanium and its alloys have been extensively used as implant materials in clinic settings. However, implant-associated bacterial infection or inflammation remains a primary cause of implantation failure, which threatens human health, and has already become a global issue. A superhydrophobic surface endowed with a water contact angle higher than 150° has attracted widespread attention in antibacterial applications for their self-cleaning and low-adhesion properties, which has emerged as an important path in preventing biofilm formation.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2023
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