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Topic Review
Evolving CAR-T-Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment
It is well recognized now that the development of drug resistance is one of the leading causes of treatment failure in conventional therapies. In comparison, improvements in immunotherapy showed promising results in eradicating cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy is one of the cancer immunotherapies that uses patient’s T cells and genetically modifies them to target cancer cells. Although CAR-T-cell therapy has shown remarkable success in treating blood cancer, it has proven far more limited in the treatment of solid tumors in different organs. 
  • 460
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pathological Features of Pineal Parenchymal Tumors
Pineal parenchymal cell tumors (PPT) are a rare group of tumors representing less than 1% of all primary central nervous system neoplasms. Originating from pineocytes or their precursor cells, these tumors pose unique challenges both during the diagnostic assessment and clinical management. 
  • 458
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Autophagy Agents in Cancer Therapy
Autophagy has been of novel interest since it was first demonstrated to have effect in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Since that time, the autophagy agents chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have become the only FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved autophagy inhibitors. While not approved for cancer therapy, there are ongoing clinical trials to evaluate their safety and efficacy. Pevonedistat has emerged as a novel inhibitor through the neddylation pathway and is an autophagy activator.
  • 458
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Melanoma
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are key regulators of numerous intracellular processes leading to tumorigenesis. They are frequently deregulated in cancer, functioning as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. As they act through multiple mechanisms, it is not surprising that they may exert dual functions in the same tumor. In melanoma, a highly invasive and metastatic tumor with the propensity to rapidly develop drug resistance, LncRNAs play different roles in: (i) guiding the phenotype switch and leading to metastasis formation; (ii) predicting the response of melanoma patients to immunotherapy; (iii) triggering adaptive responses to therapy and acquisition of drug resistance phenotypes.
  • 456
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Effects of GI and GL Indexes on HRCs
Hormone-related cancers, namely breast, endometrial, cervical, prostate, testicular, and thyroid, constitute a specific group of cancers dependent on hormone levels that play an essential role in cancer growth. In addition to the traditional risk factors, diet seems to be an important environmental factor that partially explains the steadily increased prevalence of this group of cancer. The composition of food, the dietary patterns, the endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and the way of food processing and preparation related to dietary advanced glycation end-product formation are all related to cancer. 
  • 456
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Early Diagnosis of Lung Cancer: Gaps in Biomarkers Discovery
Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer-related deaths. The main issue is lacking an effective screening test in clinical practice. Noninvasive biomarkers are urgently needed. Although low-dose computed tomography (LD-CT) shows a 20% reduction in lung cancer mortality, its cost, radiation, and false-positive rate limit its clinical suitability. Much research has focused on biological fluid biomarkers, but none have transitioned from lab to practice. Future research will be needed to introduce biomarkers into clinical practice.
  • 455
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pi and Molecular Mechanisms in Tumorigenesis
Cancer therapeutics have a low success rate in clinical trials. An interdisciplinary approach is needed to translate basic, clinical, and remote fields of research knowledge into novel cancer treatments. Recent research has identified high dietary phosphate intake as a risk factor associated with cancer incidence. A model of tumor dynamics predicted that reducing phosphate levels sequestered in the tumor microenvironment could substantially reduce tumor size. Coincidently, a low-phosphate diet is already in use to help patients with chronic kidney disease manage high serum phosphate levels.
  • 451
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Potential Immunohistochemical Biomarkers for Grading Oral Dysplasia
Oral cancer is becoming more and more frequent worldwide. Despite the widely available prevention, it is one of the most common cancers in the world, with 476,125 new cases and 225,900 deaths in 2020. Among the causes of carcinogenesis in the oral cavity, tobacco smoking or chewing, alcohol consumption, occupational exposure, risky sexual behaviour, genetic factors, and environmental pollution are widely mentioned. Smoking is the most prominent risk factor for oral cancer due to the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke, including nitrosamines, benzopyrenes, and aromatic amines. The risk of oral cancer is three times higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. In addition, the combination of cigarette smoking and frequent heavy alcohol consumption increases the risk of developing cancer by several times.
  • 451
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Angiogenic Growth Factors in Immunosuppression and Immune Escape
Angiogenesis is seen as the process that mediates new blood vessel formation and capillaries, an essential process allowing for the exchange of nutrients throughout the body. Angiogenic growth factors (AFs) influence both innate and adaptive immune cell populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to create a more tolerogenic milieu. Myeloid regulatory cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), type 2 natural killer T (NKT) cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are the primary cells types that contribute to immune escape and immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment.
  • 449
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Androgen Receptor Upregulation and Radiation-Resistance in Prostate Cancer
Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) is currently used as a salvage intervention for men with oligometastatic prostate cancer (PC), and increasingly so since the results of the Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy for the Comprehensive Treatment of Oligometastatic Cancers (SABR-COMET) trial reported a significant improvement in overall survival with SABR. The addition of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to localised prostate radiotherapy improves survival as it sensitises PC to radiotherapy-induced cell death. The importance of the androgen receptor (AR) gene pathway in the development of resistance to radiotherapy is well established. In this review paper, we will examine the data to determine how we can overcome the upregulation of the AR pathway and suggest a strategy for improving outcomes in men with oligometastatic hormone-sensitive PC.
  • 448
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pancreatic Cancer Molecular Manifestation and Pathways Regulation
Pancreatic cancer is challenging, with a poor progression and limited treatment options. Its tumorigenesis or metastasis involves, pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), RAS, janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer, and activator of transcription (STAT), NF-κB, Hippo/yes-kinase-associated protein (hippo/YAP), and Wingless/int1 (WNT). These pathways are associated with numerous cellular processes linked to pancreatic cancer, such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, differentiation, immunological regulations, metabolism, migration, and cell proliferation. 
  • 446
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Conditional Reprogramming in Breast Cancer Research
Preclinical in vitro models play an important role in studying cancer cell biology and facilitating translational research, especially in the identification of drug targets and drug discovery studies. This is particularly relevant in breast cancer, where the global burden of disease is quite high based on prevalence and a relatively high rate of lethality. Predictive tools to select patients who will be responsive to invasive or morbid therapies (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and/or surgery) are relatively lacking. To be clinically relevant, a model must accurately replicate the biology and cellular heterogeneity of the primary tumor.
  • 446
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Targeted Therapies for Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous group of breast cancers characterized by their lack of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and the HER2 receptor. They are more aggressive than other breast cancer subtypes, with a higher mean tumor size, higher tumor grade, the worst five-year overall survival, and the highest rates of recurrence and metastasis.
  • 446
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Pathobiology of Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) manifests as a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, necessitating personalized approaches. CCA are driven by an intricate landscape of genetic mutations, epigenetic dysregulation, and post-transcriptional modification, which differs based on geography (e.g., for liver fluke versus non-liver fluke-driven CCA) and exposure to environmental carcinogens (e.g., exposure to aristolochic acid). Liquid biopsy, including circulating cell-free DNA, is a potential diagnostic tool for CCA, which warrants further investigations.
  • 445
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cobaltabis(dicarbollide) ([o-COSAN]−) as Multifunctional Chemotherapeutics
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common malignant brain tumors. Although a variety of GBMs is initially susceptible to chemotherapy, the development of multi-drug resistance and recurrence is frequent.
  • 443
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology-Clinical Presentation of Occult Primary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare tumors that originate in diffuse neuroendocrine cells, potentially affecting any organ. NENs encompass a large and heterogenous group of neoplasms characterized by different biological behavior, depending on the clinical and histopathological features and primary site. NENs are classified into well-differentiated G1–G3 NENs and poorly differentiated G3 neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), based on their morphological features and proliferation rate. Approximately 11% to 14% of subjects with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) have metastatic lesions with unknown primary origin (UPO), with the majority of UPO-NENs found in the small bowel
  • 443
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Multiplexed Antibody-Based Spatial Imaging Technologies in NSCLC
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a cause of significant morbidity and mortality, despite significant advances made in its treatment using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) over the last decade; while a minority experience prolonged responses with ICIs, benefit is limited for most patients. The development of multiplexed antibody-based (MAB) spatial tissue imaging technologies has revolutionised analysis of the tumour microenvironment (TME), enabling identification of a wide range of cell types and subtypes, and analysis of the spatial relationships and interactions between them. Such study has the potential to translate into a greater understanding of treatment susceptibility and resistance, factors influencing prognosis and recurrence risk, and identification of novel therapeutic approaches and rational treatment combinations to improve patient outcomes in the clinic. 
  • 440
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Role of Akt/Protein Kinase B in Cancer Metastasis
Metastasis is a critical step in the process of carcinogenesis and a vast majority of cancer-related mortalities result from metastatic disease that is resistant to current therapies. Cell migration and invasion are the first steps of the metastasis process, which mainly occurs by two important biological mechanisms, i.e., cytoskeletal remodelling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Akt (also known as protein kinase B) is a central signalling molecule of the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. Aberrant activation of this pathway has been identified in a wide range of cancers. Several studies have revealed that Akt actively engages with the migratory process in motile cells, including metastatic cancer cells. The downstream signalling mechanism of Akt in cell migration depends upon the tumour type, sites, and intracellular localisation of activated Akt.
  • 438
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Role of Toll-like Receptor 2 in Breast Cancer
TLR2 activation by pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs, respectively), activates a signaling cascade initiated by Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response protein 88 (MyD88). The consequent recruitment of the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)–TNF Receptor Associated Factor (TRAF) complex leads to the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways. This induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and in cancer cells, may stimulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and proliferation.
  • 438
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer represents one of the most lethal cancer types worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Due to the inability to diagnose it promptly and the lack of efficacy of existing treatments, research and development of innovative therapies and new diagnostics are crucial to increase the survival rate and decrease mortality.
  • 435
  • 27 Feb 2024
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