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Topic Review
mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines Using Lipid Nanoparticles
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have recently emerged as one of the most advanced technologies for the highly efficient in vivo delivery of exogenous mRNA, particularly for COVID-19 vaccine delivery. LNPs comprise four different lipids: ionizable lipids, helper or neutral lipids, cholesterol, and lipids attached to polyethylene glycol (PEG). Since its first isolation in 1961, mRNA (that encodes the protein of interest) research has taken several paths, which made us understand its diversified functions and modification-mediated potential for therapeutic applications. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, nucleic acid therapeutics (NATs), particularly mRNA vaccines, potentials have been enabled for emerging infectious diseases. The translation of host genetic information (DNA) into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm is mediated by mRNA.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Targeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expressions, making targeted therapies ineffective. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising approach for TNBC treatment by modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and interacting with cancer cells.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Properties of TiO2 Films
For many years, TiO2-based materials and improving their properties in order to expand their application areas have been the focus of numerous research groups. Various innovative approaches have been proposed to improve the photocatalytic and gas-sensing properties of TiO2 nanostructures.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Fetal Anomaly Detection
Fetal development is a critical phase in prenatal care, demanding the timely identification of anomalies in ultrasound images to safeguard the well-being of both the unborn child and the mother. Medical imaging has played a pivotal role in detecting fetal abnormalities and malformations. However, despite significant advances in ultrasound technology, the accurate identification of irregularities in prenatal images continues to pose considerable challenges, often necessitating substantial time and expertise from medical professionals. 
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Laboratory B in Sunguľ
Laboratory B in Sunguľ was one of the laboratories under the 9th Chief Directorate of the NKVD (MVD after 1946) that contributed to the Soviet atomic bomb project. It was created in 1946 and closed in 1955, when some of its personnel were merged with the second Soviet nuclear design and assembly facility. It was run as a sharashka – a secret scientific facility run as a prison. Laboratory B employed German scientists from 1947 to 1953. It had two scientific divisions, radiochemistry and radiobiophysics; the latter was headed by the world-renowned geneticist N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij. For two years, the renowned German chemist, Nikolaus Riehl was the scientific director.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Connexins and Integrins in Exosomes
Connexins and integrins, the two structurally and functionally distinct families of transmembrane proteins, have been shown to be inter-connected by various modes of cross-talk in cells, such as direct physical coupling via lateral contact, indirect physical coupling via actin and actin-binding proteins, and functional coupling via signaling cascades.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Ordinary (Officer)
An ordinary (from Latin ordinarius) is an officer of a church or civic authority who by reason of office has ordinary power to execute laws. Such officers are found in hierarchically organised churches of Western Christianity which have an ecclesiastical legal system. For example, diocesan bishops are ordinaries in the Roman Catholic church and the Church of England. In Eastern Christianity, a corresponding officer is called a hierarch (from Greek ἱεράρχης hierarkhēs "president of sacred rites, high-priest" which comes in turn from τὰ ἱερά ta hiera, "the sacred rites" and ἄρχω arkhō, "I rule"). Within civic governance, notably in the southern United States, the role of the county ordinary historically involved the discharge of certain, often legal or legally related, tasks falling to city or county authorities, such as licensing marriages and adjudicating claims against an authority.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Antioxidant Activity of Mistletoes
In addition to the European mistletoe, Viscum album, which is the most known and utilized one, there are several species commonly known as mistletoe. They are spread in various regions of the planet and are all characterized by hemiparasitism and epiphytic behaviour. The published studies evidence other similarities, including the sharing of important biological properties, with the common presence of antioxidant effects. Mistletoe is an example of the importance of the phytochemical and pharmacological research to update knowledge and utilization of medicinal plants. There are tendencies to limit to use of products derived from natural products, based on prejudices or wrong interpretation. The correct utilization of scientific results is necessary.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Definition and Measurement of Pore Structure
Porous structure is an important three-dimensional morphological feature of the peripheral nerve guidance conduit (NGC), which permits the infiltration of cells, nutrients, and molecular signals and the discharge of metabolic waste. Porous structures with precisely customized pore sizes, porosities, and connectivities are being used to construct fully permeable, semi-permeable, and asymmetric peripheral NGCs for the replacement of traditional nerve autografts in the treatment of long-segment peripheral nerve injury.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Enhancing Fatigue Strength of Adhesively Bonded Composite Joints
Adhesive bonding is widely seen as the most optimal method for joining composite materials, bringing significant benefits over mechanical joining, such as lower weight and reduced stress concentrations. Adhesively bonded composite joints find extensive applications where cyclic fatigue loading takes place, but this might ultimately lead to crack damage and safety issues. Consequently, it has become essential to study how these structures behave under fatigue loads and identify the remaining gaps in knowledge to give insight into new possibilities. The fatigue life of adhesively bonded composite joints is influenced by various parameters, including joint configuration and material properties of adherends and adhesive. Numerous studies with varying outcomes have been documented in the literature. However, due to the multitude of influential factors, deriving conclusive insights from these studies for practical design purposes has proven to be challenging. Hence, this research aims to address this challenge by discussing different methods to enhance the fatigue performance of adhesively bonded composite joints. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on adhesively bonded composite joints under cyclic fatigue loading, focusing on three main aspects: adherends modification, adhesive modification, and joints configurations. Since the effect of modifying the adhesive, adherends, and joint configurations on fatigue performance has not been comprehensively studied in the literature. 
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) design based on the installation of a fuel cell (FC) module in the existing Daewoo Tico electric vehicle to increase its range in urban areas. Installing an FC module supplied by a 2 kg hydrogen tank would not significantly increase the mass of the electric vehicle, and the charging time of the hydrogen tank is lower than the battery charging time.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Snyder-Robinson Syndrome
Snyder-Robinson syndrome is a condition characterized by intellectual disability, muscle and bone abnormalities, and other problems with development. It occurs exclusively in males.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase Superactivity
Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity (PRS superactivity) is characterized by the overproduction and accumulation of uric acid (a waste product of normal chemical processes) in the blood and urine. The overproduction of uric acid can lead to gout, which is arthritis caused by an accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints. Individuals with PRS superactivity also develop kidney or bladder stones that may result in episodes of acute kidney failure.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
GHR Gene
Growth hormone receptor
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Optical Fiber Current Sensors
Optical fiber current sensor is a kind of smart grid equipment, and its principle utilizes the magnetostrictive effect of magnetostrictive materials.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNA FENDRR
The FOXF1 Adjacent Noncoding Developmental Regulatory RNA (Fendrr) plays an important role in the control of gene expression in mammals. It is transcribed in the opposite direction to the neighboring Foxf1 gene with which it shares a region containing promoters. In humans, FENDRR is located on chromosome 16q24.1, and is positively regulated both by the FOXF1 distant lung-specific cis-acting enhancer and by trans-acting FOXF1. Fendrr has been shown to function as a competing endogenous RNA, sponging microRNAs and protein factors that control stability of mRNAs, and as an epigenetic modifier of chromatin structure around gene promoters and other regulatory sites, targeting them with histone methyltrasferase complexes. In mice, Fendrr is essential for development of the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal system; its homozygous loss causes embryonic or perinatal lethality. Importantly, deregulation of FENDRR expression has been causatively linked also to tumorigenesis, resistance to chemotherapy, fibrosis, and inflammatory dis-eases.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Phenolic Compounds for Human Health
In addition to providing nutrients, food can help prevent and treat certain diseases. In particular, research on soy products has increased dramatically following their emergence as functional foods capable of improving blood circulation and intestinal regulation. In addition to their nutritional value, soybeans contain specific phytochemical substances that promote health and are a source of dietary fiber, phospholipids, isoflavones (e.g., genistein and daidzein), phenolic acids, saponins, and phytic acid, while serving as a trypsin inhibitor. These individual substances have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing chronic diseases, such as arteriosclerosis, cardiac diseases, diabetes, and senile dementia, as well as in treating cancer and suppressing osteoporosis. Furthermore, soybean can affect fibrinolytic activity, control blood pressure, and improve lipid metabolism, while eliciting antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and antibacterial effects.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Mounted Load Carrying on Equids
There are approximately 112 million working equids in developing countries, many of which are associated with brick kilns. Brick kilns and overloading are associated with welfare problems in working equids. Understanding equids’ abilities and influencing factors are important for both effective performance and welfare. Traditionally, measurement of the amount of ‘bone’ was used, and more recently, gait symmetry has been identified as a potential marker for loading capacity.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs)
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major component of the immune cells of the TME. They play a prominent role by secreting cytokines and chemokines and coordinating with inflammatory mechanisms to promote tumor development, invasion, metastasis, immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and drug tolerance. Different subtypes of TAMs have different functions, which can be dynamically changed in response to various signals from cancer cells or the TME.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Intercellular Communication with Endothelial cells
As a cellular interface between the blood and tissues, the endothelial cell (EC) monolayer is involved in the control of key functions including vascular tone, permeability and homeostasis, leucocyte trafficking and hemostasis. EC regulatory functions require long-distance communications between ECs, circulating hematopoietic cells and other vascular cells for efficient adjusting thrombosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, infection and immunity. This intercellular crosstalk operates through the extracellular space and is orchestrated in part by the secretory pathway and the exocytosis of Weibel Palade Bodies (WPBs), secretory granules and extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Aug 2021
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