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Topic Review
Trends in Malware Detection
Monitoring Indicators of Compromise (IOC) leads to malware detection for identifying malicious activity. Malicious activities potentially lead to a system breach or data compromise. Various tools and anti-malware products exist for the detection of malware and cyberattacks utilizing IOCs, but all have several shortcomings. In the quest to fight zero-day attacks, the research paradigm shifted from primitive methods to classical machine learning-based methods, then to deep learning-based methods.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Naturalness
In physics, naturalness is the property that the dimensionless ratios between free parameters or physical constants appearing in a physical theory should take values "of order 1" and that free parameters are not fine-tuned. That is, a natural theory would have parameter ratios with values like 2.34 rather than 234000 or 0.000234. The requirement that satisfactory theories should be "natural" in this sense is a current of thought initiated around the 1960s in particle physics. It is a criterion that arises from the seeming non-naturalness of the standard model and the broader topics of the hierarchy problem, fine-tuning, and the anthropic principle. However it does tend to suggest a possible area of weakness or future development for current theories such as the Standard Model, where some parameters vary by many orders of magnitude, and which require extensive "fine-tuning" of their current values of the models concerned. The concern is that it is not yet clear whether these seemingly exact values we currently recognize, have arisen by chance (based upon the anthropic principle or similar) or whether they arise from a more advanced theory not yet developed, in which these turn out to be expected and well-explained, because of other factors not yet part of particle physics models. The concept of naturalness is not always compatible with Occam's razor, since many instances of "natural" theories have more parameters than "fine-tuned" theories such as the Standard Model. Naturalness in physics is closely related to the issue of fine-tuning, and over the past decade many scientists argued that the principle of naturalness is a specific application of Bayesian statistics. In the history of particle physics, the naturalness principle has given correct predictions three times - in the case of electron self-energy, pion mass difference and kaon mass difference.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Glyoxalase 2
Glyoxalase 2 is a mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein belonging to the metallo-β-lactamase family encoded by the hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (HAGH) gene. This enzyme is the second enzyme of the glyoxalase system that is responsible for detoxification of the α-ketothaldehyde methylglyoxal in cells. The two enzymes glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) and glyoxalase 2 (Glo2) form the complete glyoxalase pathway, which utilizes glutathione as cofactor in eukaryotic cells.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sarahsaurus
Sarahsaurus is a genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur which lived during the Early Jurassic period in what is now northeastern Arizona, United States.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Prospect Biomedical Applications of Novel Functional Metallic Glasses
The continuous development of novel materials for biomedical applications is resulting in an increasingly better prognosis for patients. The application of more advanced materials relates to fewer complications and a desirable higher percentage of successful treatments. New, innovative materials being considered for biomedical applications are metallic alloys with an amorphous internal structure called metallic glasses. They are currently in a dynamic phase of development both in terms of formulating new chemical compositions and testing their properties in terms of intended biocompatibility. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Carcinogens in Areca Nut
A large body of literature found that habitual areca nut (AN) chewing was tightly associated with the occurrence and development of oral, esophageal, and pharyngeal cancers. In addition, many studies revealed that long-term AN usage increased the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Information Technologies in Transport Logistics
Efficient business in the field of transport requires knowledge based on logistics, logistics personnel and information technology which form an integrated system, which is called the logistics information system. Today, information systems are the ones who make the company more competitive, modern and efficient, so without their wide application it is impossible to survive on the market, which is very demanding in terms of optimization of logistic activities and processes. This paper presents the implementation of logistics information systems on the example of urban public transport company GSP „Belgrade“, whose main activity is the transport of passengers in urban and suburban traffic. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cholesterol Redistribution Regulates β-cell Insulin Biosynthesis and Secretion
Cholesterol, an essential component of the cellular membranes, exhibits multiple structural and functional roles, orchestrating a wide range of signalling pathways and cellular functions. The pancreatic β-cells rely on cholesterol for their survival, proliferation, and functional maturation. Intracellular cholesterol imbalance is a tremendous burden to β-cells as this condition disables the cells from adequately delivering the sterol to its final destinations, resulting in altered plasma membrane organization, impaired mitochondrial activity, reduced insulin granule maturation, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. To maintain cholesterol homeostasis, β-cells have evolved a sophisticated machinery that not only controls the lipid biosynthesis or influx/efflux but also its redistribution among the different organelles. The mechanisms by which β-cells sense and shuttle the lipids across different membrane compartments are still largely unexplored.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Representative Drivers for TB Development and p-EMT Induction
Tumor budding (TB), a microscopic finding in the stroma ahead of the invasive fronts of tumors, has been well investigated and reported as a prognostic marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial step in tumor progression and metastasis, and its status cannot be distinguished from TB. The current understanding of partial EMT (p-EMT), the so-called halfway step of EMT, focuses on the tumor microenvironment (TME). Although this evidence has been investigated, the clinicopathological and biological relationship between TB and p-EMT remains debatable. At the invasion front, previous research suggested that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are important for tumor progression, metastasis, p-EMT, and TB formation in the TME. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Conservation Agriculture and Soil Organic Carbon
Intensive agriculture causes land degradation and other environmental problems, such as pollution, soil erosion, fertility loss, biodiversity decline, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which exacerbate climate change. Sustainable agricultural practices, such as reduced tillage, growing cover crops, and implementing crop residue retention measures, have been proposed as cost-effective solutions that can address land degradation, food security, and climate change mitigation and adaptation by enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in soils and its associated co-benefits. In this regard, extensive research has demonstrated that conservation agriculture (CA) improves soil physical, chemical, and biological properties that are crucial for maintaining soil health and increasing agroecosystem resilience to global change.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Activity from Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta Extracts
Macroalgae are aquatic photosynthetic organisms (mainly marine) belonging to the domain Eukarya. Macroalgae are mainly divided into three groups: red algae (Rhodophyta) and green algae (Chlorophyta), which are classified in kingdom Plantae, and brown algae (Ochrophyta, class Phaeophyceae), belonging to kingdom Chromista. Therefore, as terrestrial plants, macroalgae possess interesting biological activities that could be involved in the development of natural and innovative antibiotics. Macroalgae’s biological activities can vary among phyla.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Oral Administration for Small Extracellular Vesicles Delivery
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have burst into biomedicine as a natural therapeutic alternative for different diseases. Considered nanocarriers of biological origin, various studies have demonstrated the feasibility of their systemic administration, even with repeated doses. sEVs can resist the degradative conditions of the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, accumulating regionally in the intestine, where they are absorbed for systemic biodistribution. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Big Data Usage in European Countries
Big data refers to the vast amount of structured and unstructured data generated in the digital era. It provides opportunities for analysis, prediction, and optimization. In Europe, big data is being increasingly used by businesses, organizations, and governments to gain insights and make informed decisions. However, the adoption and utilization of big data technologies vary across different European countries due to factors like infrastructure, policies, regulations, data privacy concerns, and digital maturity. Presented study aims to explore these variations, providing valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and businesses. It seeks to inform policy decisions, support business strategies, and enhance the understanding of big data in Europe.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Yeast Heterologous Expression Systems Study Plant Membrane Proteins
Researchers are often interested in proteins that are present in cells in small ratios compared to the total amount of proteins. These proteins include transcription factors, hormones and specific membrane proteins. However, sufficient amounts of well-purified protein preparations are required for functional and structural studies of these proteins, including the creation of artificial proteoliposomes and the growth of protein 2D and 3D crystals. This aim can be achieved by the expression of the target protein in a heterologous system. The most popular for heterologous protein expression are the two species, baker’s yeast S. cerevisiae and methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris, expression in which is a well-established and widely used technique. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring
Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Process-oriented mining method for marine abnormal variation
Marine anomaly variations (MAVs) refers to an abnormal decrease or increase of marine environmental parameters, which covers a specified spatial domain and lasts for a specified temporal duration, e.g., the monthly mean variation of sea surface temperature and the seasonal variation of sea surface height. These variations have evolution properties from production through development to death, which plays a significant role on exploring the evolution mechanism of marine environment and the mechanism. As few considering temporal evolution relationship, traditional spatiotemporal mining methods have great challenges in analyzing these MAVs. Thus, this paper takes the process semantics of MAVs to design the process-oriented mining workflow, and to explore the spatiotemporal patterns of MAVs.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle
Methane is a potent greenhouse (GHG) gas 28 times more potent than CO2 in producing global warming. Methane (CH4) is produced naturally by beef cattle during the fermentation and digestion of their diet, and most of it is belched to the atmosphere. In 2005 cattle emitted 4.6 gigatonnes CO2 equivalent, from which 2.5 gigatonnes originated from beef and 2.1 gigatonnes from dairy cattle, whereas small ruminants and buffalos emitted 0.47 and 0.62 gigatonnes CO2 equivalents, respectively. Thus, cattle contributed about 9.4% of the total global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, methane included, in 2005. Ruminant nutritionists have developed different strategies, which include the use of antibiotics, plant secondary metabolites such as tannins, and other chemical compounds, like nitrate, to manipulate rumen fermentation and reduce CH4 emissions and climate change. Mitigating GHGs such as methane (CH4) originating from the beef cattle industry, offers an opportunity to reduce GHG emissions and climate change over the short term.  Further, for the last two decades, scientists have been evaluating the potential of natural feed additives such as herbs and plant extracts, which have also been used for centuries for various purposes in human diets. So, the purpose of this entry is to demonstrate the in vivo the antimethanogenic effects of Cymbopogon citratus, Matricaria chamomilla and Cosmos bipinnatus in beef cattle fed a finishing diet high in concentrates (forage:concentrate (F:C) ratio of 19.4:80.6) and the effects of increasing supplementation levels of C. citratus, i.e., 0%, 2%, 3% and 4% of the daily DMI, on enteric CH4 emissions from beef cattle fed a total mixed ration (TMR) with an F:C ratio of 50.7:49.3. 
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Oct 2020
Topic Review
TRPC Channels
Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are ubiquitously expressed in excitable and non-excitable cardiac cells where they sense and respond to a wide variety of physical and chemical stimuli. As other TRP channels, TRPC channels may form homo or heterotetrameric ion channels, and they can associate with other membrane receptors and ion channels to regulate intracellular calcium concentration. Dysfunctions of TRPC channels are involved in many types of cardiovascular diseases. Significant increase in the expression of different TRPC isoforms was observed in different animal models of heart infarcts and in vitro experimental models of ischemia and reperfusion. TRPC channel-mediated increase of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration seems to be required for the activation of the signaling pathway that plays minor roles in the healthy heart, but they are more relevant for cardiac responses to ischemia, such as the activation of different factors of transcription and cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and angiogenesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
TNF’s Pathway in CD
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic disorder characterized by full thickness patchy inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and involves defective innate immune responses, microbiome alterations, and dysregulated activation of the acquired component of mucosal immunity. One of the molecular mediators that is involved at different levels in the initiation and progression of intestinal inflammation characteristic of CD is tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Microbiome-Immune Interactions in Ulcerative Colitis
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic autoimmune condition affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. IBD includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), with UC characterized by inflammation of colonic mucosa and submucosa starting at the rectum and extending through the colon. The precise etiology of UC is unknown but is thought to involve a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Chief among these is the intestinal microbiome, which has been extensively studied both for its role in disease pathogenesis and possible treatment. In this review, we will discuss the microbial changes that have been described in UC, its interplay with host immune function, and evidence supporting its role as a potential therapeutic. We will also discuss parallels between UC, the microbiome and colitis-associated cancer (CAC).   
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Nov 2021
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