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Topic Review
Odor Compounds in Meat
The volatile composition and odor of meat and meat products is based on the precursors present in the raw meat. These are influenced by various pre-slaughter factors (species, breed, sex, age, feed, muscle type). Furthermore, post-mortem conditions (chiller aging, cooking conditions, curing, fermentation, etc.) determine the development of meat volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
  • 5.1K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Toxicological Risks of the Cobalt–Chromium Alloys in Dentistry
Cobalt–chromium (Co-Cr) alloys have been used for a long period of time in dentistry, but several risk factors remain involved. The toxicological risk of Co-Cr dental alloys is actually a sensitive subject with the European regulatory changes, namely regulation (EU) 2017/745 and annex VI to the CLP regulation (EC) 1972/2008. Studies assessing Co-Cr dental alloys’ biocompatibility are urgently needed.
  • 5.1K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
Due exceptional properties such as its high-temperature resistance, mechanical characteristics, and relatively lower price, the demand for carbon fiber has been increasing over the past years. The widespread use of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers or plastics (CFRP) has attracted many industries.
  • 5.1K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Adaptive Clustering
The paper is devoted to an overview of multi-agent principles, methods, and technologies intended to adaptive real-time data clustering. The proposed methods provide new principles of self-organization of records and clusters, represented by software agents, making it possible to increase the adaptability of different clustering processes significantly. The paper also presents a comparative review of the methods and results recently developed in this area and their industrial applications. An ability of self-organization of items and clusters suggests a new perspective to form groups in a bottom-up online fashion together with continuous adaption previously obtained decisions. Multi-agent technology allows implementing this methodology in a parallel and asynchronous multi-thread manner, providing highly flexible, scalable, and reliable solutions. Industrial applications of the intended for solving too complex engineering problems are discussed together with several practical examples of data clustering in manufacturing applications, such as the pre-analysis of customer datasets in the sales process, pattern discovery, and ongoing forecasting and consolidation of orders and resources in logistics, clustering semantic networks in insurance document processing. Future research is outlined in the areas such as capturing the semantics of problem domains and guided self-organization on the virtual market.
  • 5.1K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Fault-Tolerant Control
Fault-tolerant controllers (FTCs) can be defined as controllers that are able to tolerate faults and keep the control performance in the ideal range in the presence of faults. FTC approaches can be categorized into two main categories: Passive FTCs and Active FTC. Passive FTCs are not dependent on fault detection and isolation (FDI) modules and can keep the desired controller performance without considering the type and size of fault. Active FTCs are equipped with the FDI module and behave differently to different kinds of fault.
  • 5.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Heteroaromatic Diazirines in Material and Medicinal Chemistry
In materials (polymer) science and medicinal chemistry, heteroaromatic derivatives play the role of the central skeleton in development of novel devices and discovery of new drugs. On the other hand, (3-trifluoromethyl)phenyldiazirine (TPD) is a crucial chemical method for understanding biological processes such as ligand–receptor, nucleic acid–protein, lipid–protein, and protein–protein interactions. In particular, use of TPD has increased in materials science to create novel electric and polymer devices with comparative ease and reduced costs. Therefore, a combination of heteroaromatics and (3-trifluoromethyl)diazirine is a promising option for creating better materials and elucidating the unknown mechanisms of action of bioactive heteroaromatic compounds.
  • 5.1K
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
U-Boat Campaign (World War I)
The U-boat Campaign from 1914 to 1918 was the World War I naval campaign fought by German U-boats against the trade routes of the Allies. It took place largely in the seas around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean. The German Empire relied on imports for food and domestic food production (especially fertilizer) and the United Kingdom relied heavily on imports to feed its population, and both required raw materials to supply their war industry; the powers aimed, therefore, to blockade one another. The British had the Royal Navy which was superior in numbers and could operate on most of the world's oceans because of the British Empire, whereas the Imperial German Navy surface fleet was mainly restricted to the German Bight, and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare to operate elsewhere. In the course of events in the Atlantic alone, German U-boats sank almost 5,000 ships with nearly 13 million gross register tonnage, losing 178 boats and about 5,000 men in combat. Other naval theatres saw U-boats operating in both the Far East and South East Asia, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean and North Seas.
  • 5.1K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Power Architecture
Power Architecture is a registered trademark for similar reduced instruction set computing (RISC) instruction sets for microprocessors developed and manufactured by such companies as IBM, Freescale/NXP, AppliedMicro, LSI, Teledyne e2v and Synopsys. The governing body is Power.org, comprising over 40 companies and organizations. "Power Architecture" is a broad term including all products based on newer POWER, PowerPC and Cell processors. The term "Power Architecture" should not be confused with IBM's different generations of "POWER Instruction Set Architecture", an earlier instruction set for IBM RISC processors of the 1990s from which the PowerPC instruction set was derived. Power Architecture is a family name describing processor architecture, software, toolchain, community and end-user appliances and not a strict term describing specific products or technologies. More details and documentation on the Power Architecture can be found on the IBM Portal for OpenPOWER.
  • 5.1K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Equine Collagen
Equine collagen is referred to type I collagen extracted from horse tissues that, in the last two decades, aroused great scientific and industrial interest in the field of life-science and bioengineering as alternative to bovine collagen for the manufacture of implantable medical devices. Commonly used sources of collagen are represented by bovine and swine, but their limited applications because of the zoonosis transmission risks, the immune response and the religious constrains lead to the identification of other collagen sources. In this circumstance, type I collagen isolated from horse tendon recently gained interest as an attractive alternative, so that, although bovine- and porcine-derived collagens still remain the most common ones, more and more companies started to bring to market several of equine tendon collagen-based products. Its favorable structural properties, its well-known bioactivity, its freedom from zoonosis transmission risks and the ability to not trigger immune reactions make equine collagen particularly appealing in medicine, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
  • 5.1K
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
List of Selected Stars for Navigation
Fifty-eight selected navigational stars are given a special status in the field of celestial navigation. Of the approximately 6,000 stars visible to the naked eye under optimal conditions, the selected stars are among the brightest and span 38 constellations of the celestial sphere from the declination of −70° to +89°. Many of the selected stars were named in antiquity by the Babylonians, Greeks, Romans, and Arabs. The star Polaris, often called the "North Star", is treated specially due to its proximity to the north celestial pole. When navigating in the Northern Hemisphere, special techniques can be used with Polaris to determine latitude or gyrocompass error. The other 57 selected stars have daily positions given in nautical almanacs, aiding the navigator in efficiently performing observations on them. A second group of 115 "tabulated stars" can also be used for celestial navigation, but are often less familiar to the navigator and require extra calculations. For purposes of identification, the positions of navigational stars — expressed as declination and sidereal hour angle — are often rounded to the nearest degree. In addition to tables, star charts provide an aid to the navigator in identifying the navigational stars, showing constellations, relative positions, and brightness.
  • 5.1K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
E-Fuels
Power-to-X (PtX) are fuel production pathways in which electricity is converted into various gaseous or liquid fuels, such as e-hydrogen, e-methanol, e-methane, dimethyl ether (E-DME), e-ammonia, or e-diesel. These fuels are also named electrofuels (e-fuel) or power-to-liquid (PtL) and are mentioned in the Annexes of the RED II amendments as alternative options for the decarbonisation of the transport sector. Some of these molecules still contain carbon atoms, thus producing CO2 when used for energy production. The carbon source for the synthesis of e-fuels has to be carefully analysed to define them really carbon neutral.
  • 5.1K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Primitive Clay Oven
The primitive clay oven, or earthen oven / cob oven, has been used since time immemorial by diverse cultures and societies, primarily for, but not exclusive to, baking before the invention of cast-iron stoves, and gas and electric ovens. The general build and shape were, mostly, common to all peoples, with only slight variations in size and in materials used to construct the oven. In primitive courtyards and farmhouses, earthen ovens were built on the ground. In Arabian, Palestinian, Middle-Eastern and North-African societies, bread was often baked within a clay oven called in some Arabic dialects a tabun (also transliterated taboon, from the Arabic: طابون), or else in a clay oven called a tannour, and in other dialects mas'ad. The clay oven, synonymous with the Hebrew word tannour (= oven), was shaped like a truncated cone, with an opening either at the top or bottom from which to stoke the fire. Others were made cylindrical with an opening at the top. Built and used in biblical times as the family, neighbourhood, or village oven, clay ovens continue to be made in parts of the Middle East today.
  • 5.1K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mangrove Forest Functions and Services
Mangroves stand out as one of the most diverse and biologically significant natural systems in the world. Playing critical roles in maintaining the health and productivity of coastal ecosystems, mangroves provide a range of services and functions, including habitat for local fauna and flora, food and other goods, carbon sequestration, and protection from natural disasters such as storm surges and coastal erosion. 
  • 5.1K
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Binders Used for the Manufacturing of Composite Materials
Binders, or tackifiers, have become widespread in the production of new composite materials by liquid composite molding (LCM) techniques due to their ability to stabilize preforms during laying-up and impregnation, as well as to improve fracture toughness of the obtained composites, which is very important in aviation, automotive, ship manufacturing, etc. Furthermore, they can be used in modern methods of automatic laying of dry fibers into preforms, which significantly reduces the labor cost of the manufacturing process.
  • 5.1K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Henry II of Trastámara (1366–1367, 1369–1379)
Henry II of Castile, also known as Henry of Trastámara, from the Latin “Tras Tamaris” (or beyond the Tambre River), King of Castile and León (1366–1367, 1369–1379) was the first king of the Trastámara Dynasty. In summary, it was a minor branch of the house of Burgundy (or an “Iberian extension” of it), with presence in the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Naples. Most notably, it began playing an essential role in the kingdom of Castile, but after the Compromise of Caspe, its power extended decisively to the kingdom of Aragon (1412). Henry II was the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI and his lover Leonor de Guzmán. He waged a civil war against his stepbrother, Peter I, legitimate heir to the throne, as the son of Alfonso XI and Maria of Portugal, Queen of Castile. Henry’s determination to be recognized as king led him to employ the arts in a campaign to discredit his stepbrother and tarnish his image, portraying himself as a defender of the faith with the right to rule. He built the Royal Chapel (1371) in the main church of Córdoba (today’s Mosque/Cathedral) for the burial of his father and grandfather, Ferdinand IV, in order to underscore his connection to the royal line, and refurbished the Puerta del Perdón (Gate of Forgiveness) in 1377, the main entrance to the church, for use as a dramatic stage for public events. 
  • 5.1K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cincinnati Radiation Experiments (1960-1971)
The Cincinnati Radiation Experiments were a series of total and partial body irradiation tests performed on at least 90 patients with advanced cancer at the Cincinnati General Hospital, now University Hospital, from 1960-1971. Led by radiologist Dr. Eugene L. Saenger, the experiments were funded in part by the Defense Atomic Support Agency within the Department of Defense to study how soldiers in nuclear war would be affected by large doses of radiation. The experiments were conducted without patient consent in the first five years of the study and with disputed levels of consent thereafter. The irradiated patients experienced nausea, vomiting, cognitive impairment, and death. The contract between the researchers and the DOD terminated in 1972 under pressure from Senator Edward Kennedy, marking the end of major human irradiation experimentation in the U.S. that began after World War II and continued throughout the Cold War Era. Although initially fading from public eye, the controversy resurfaced in 1993 and was soon investigated by President Bill Clinton’s Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. In 1994, families of the patients filed a class-action lawsuit against the team of 15 researchers. Five years later, the University of Cincinnati settled the case for over $4 million.
  • 5.1K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Physical Unclonable Function
A Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is hardware that acts as a one-way function, whose each different instance provides unique outputs for the same distinct input. Although recent research has demonstrated the merits of PUFs as security primitives for resource-constrained computer systems, better implementations of them need to be identified by future research, in order for them to be commercially adopted. Nevertheless, PUFs have already found application in the implementation of a large number of cryptographic protocols and other security solutions. A number of well-known metrics have been proposed in the literature in order to assess the quality of individual PUF implementations as security mechanisms, in terms of the stability, uniqueness and randomness of their responses.
  • 5.1K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Health Effects of 8-Prenylnaringenin
8-Prenylnaringenin is a natural compound biosynthesised in the lupulin glands of the hop inflorescences. It is the substance with the highest estrogenic activity known so far in the plant kingdom. As estrogens have many targets in animals and humans, the health effects of 8-prenylnaringenin can be either beneficial or adverse depending on the physiological status of the consumers.
  • 5.1K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Oxadiazole
Nowadays, an increasing number of heterocyclic-based drugs found application in medicinal chemistry and, in particular, as anticancer agents. In this context, oxadiazoles—five-membered aromatic rings—emerged for their interesting biological properties
  • 5.1K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis of Carbon Dots
There are many studies on the different synthesis methods of carbon dots. Each process aims to improve the synthesis strategy and optimize the reaction conditions so that the carbon dots are not only more cost-effective and eco-friendly, but also provide more excellent performance.
  • 5.1K
  • 08 Dec 2022
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