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HandWiki. Primitive Clay Oven. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35608 (accessed on 21 September 2026).
HandWiki. Primitive Clay Oven. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35608. Accessed September 21, 2026.
HandWiki. "Primitive Clay Oven" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35608 (accessed September 21, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 22). Primitive Clay Oven. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35608
HandWiki. "Primitive Clay Oven." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 November, 2022.
Primitive Clay Oven
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Engineering:Primitive_clay_oven

The primitive clay oven, or earthen oven / cob oven, has been used since time immemorial by diverse cultures and societies, primarily for, but not exclusive to, baking before the invention of cast-iron stoves, and gas and electric ovens. The general build and shape were, mostly, common to all peoples, with only slight variations in size and in materials used to construct the oven. In primitive courtyards and farmhouses, earthen ovens were built on the ground. In Arabian, Palestinian, Middle-Eastern and North-African societies, bread was often baked within a clay oven called in some Arabic dialects a tabun (also transliterated taboon, from the Arabic: طابون), or else in a clay oven called a tannour, and in other dialects mas'ad. The clay oven, synonymous with the Hebrew word tannour (= oven), was shaped like a truncated cone, with an opening either at the top or bottom from which to stoke the fire. Others were made cylindrical with an opening at the top. Built and used in biblical times as the family, neighbourhood, or village oven, clay ovens continue to be made in parts of the Middle East today.

immemorial tannour cob

References

  1. Saleh, Y. (1979) (in he). Questions & Responsa 'Pe'ulath Ṣadīq'. 1–2 (2nd ed.). Jerusalem. OCLC 122773689. , s.v. responsum # 256 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122773689
  2. Maimonides (1967) (in he). Mishnah, with Maimonides' Commentary. 3. Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook. p. 46 (Seder Taharot). OCLC 741081810. , s.v. Keilim 5:2 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741081810
  3. (in de) Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina. 4 (Bread, oil and wine). Hildesheim. 1964. OCLC 312676221.  (reprinted from 1935 edition) (Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina) http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/312676221
  4. Maimonides (1967) (in he). Mishnah, with Maimonides' Commentary. 3. Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook. OCLC 741081810. , Ohalot 5:1 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741081810
  5. (in de) Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina. 4 (Bread, oil and wine). Hildesheim. 1964. OCLC 312676221.  (reprinted from 1935 edition), Diagram 14 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/312676221
  6. cf. Nadia Abdulhadi-Sukhtian, ed (2020) (in en). Work and Customs in Palestine, volume II. 2 (Agriculture). Ramallah: Dar Al Nasher. p. 164. ISBN 978-9950-385-84-9. 
  7. Qafih, Y. (1982) (in he). Halichot Teman (Jewish Life in Sanà). Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute. p. 204. ISBN 965-17-0137-4. OCLC 863513860.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863513860
  8. Saleh, Y. (1979) (in he). Questions & Responsa 'Pe'ulath Ṣadīq'. 1–2 (2nd ed.). Jerusalem. pp. 262-263 (responsum # 256). OCLC 122773689.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122773689
  9. Suleiman ben Yosef Ṣaleh, "Sefer Zevaḥ Pesaḥ," in: Tiklāl Shīvat Ṣiyyon (ed. Yosef Qafih), Jerusalem 1952 (OCLC 34438995); also in: Saleh, Y. (1971) (in he). The Complete 'Tiklal 'Eṣ Ḥayyim. 2. Jerusalem. p. 16a (small number 15). ""The knitted kerchief which is used [for applying the flattened dough to the inside of the oven] when baking must be replaced during each supper [where Matzah is baked afresh].""  https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34438995
  10. Qafih, Y. (1982) (in he). Halichot Teman (Jewish Life in Sanà). Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute. p. 210. ISBN 965-17-0137-4. OCLC 863513860.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863513860
  11. (in de) Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina. 4 (Bread, oil and wine). Hildesheim. 1964. OCLC 312676221.  (reprinted from 1935 edition) http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/312676221
  12. Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 2006, p. 1147, OCLC 614562238 , s.v. פורני http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/614562238
  13. Maimonides (1967) (in he). Mishnah, with Maimonides' Commentary. 3. Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook. p. 58 (Keilim 8:9). OCLC 183905585.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/183905585
  14. Babylonian Talmud (Beitza 34a, Rashi s.v. פורני)
  15. Babylonian Talmud (Pesahim 31b, Rashi s.v. פת פורני), where Rashi writes: "The bread of a purnei. A large loaf [of bread] that has been baked in a large oven, such as our own ovens, seeing that their ovens were small and portable, and whose mouths were situated above, and they'd stick the bread unto the walls [of the oven], insofar that they did not bake therein except for small [flat] loaves."
  16. Babylonian Talmud (Avodah Zarah 35b, Rashi s.v. פורני), where Rashi writes: "Purnei. It is an oven which is large and its mouth on the side, but every oven (tannour) that is [mentioned] in the Mishnah is small and has a place for placing two pots, and its mouth is on the top."
  17. (in de) Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina. 4 (Bread, oil and wine). Hildesheim. 1964. OCLC 312676221.  (reprinted from 1935 edition), Diagram 27a; cf. Tosefta (Keilim Baba Kama 6:17), where it says: "Purna [...] it is not made except to serve with the ground." http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/312676221
  18. (in de) Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina. 4 (Bread, oil and wine). Hildesheim. 1964. OCLC 312676221.  (reprinted from 1935 edition), Diagrams 26–27 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/312676221
  19. Babylonian Talmud (Beitza 34a)
  20. (in de) Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina. 4 (Bread, oil and wine). Hildesheim. 1964. OCLC 312676221.  (reprinted from 1935 edition), based on Diagram 30 showing thirteen types of bread, and nos. 9–12 which were baked in a furn. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/312676221
  21. Mukaddasi (1886). Le Strange, G.. ed. Description of Syria, including Palestine. London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society. p. 79. https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534265. 
  22. cf. Nadia Abdulhadi-Sukhtian, ed (2020) (in en). Work and Customs in Palestine, volume II. 2 (Agriculture). Ramallah: Dar Al Nasher. pp. 319-320. ISBN 978-9950-385-84-9. 
  23. (in en) Jewish Domestic Architecture in San'a, Yemen. Jerusalem: The Israel Oriental Society, affiliate of the Hebrew University. 1957. pp. 25, 59. OCLC 48323774.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48323774
  24. (in en) Jewish Domestic Architecture in San'a, Yemen. Jerusalem: The Israel Oriental Society, affiliate of the Hebrew University. 1957. p. 25. OCLC 48323774.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48323774
  25. Qafih, Y. (1982) (in he). Halichot Teman (Jewish Life in Sanà). Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute. p. 203. ISBN 965-17-0137-4. OCLC 863513860.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863513860
  26. Qafih, Y. (1982) (in he). Halichot Teman (Jewish Life in Sanà). Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute. p. 207. ISBN 965-17-0137-4. OCLC 863513860. , s.v. צלוף http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863513860
  27. Mizrachi, Avshalom (2018), "The Yemenite Cuisine", in Rachel Yedid; Danny Bar-Maoz, Ascending the Palm Tree: An Anthology of the Yemenite Jewish Heritage, Rehovot: E'ele BeTamar, p. 131, OCLC 1041776317  [first published in Bat-Teman, Shalom Seri (editor), Tel-Aviv 1993, p. 96 (in Hebrew)] http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1041776317
  28. (in he) Commentary of the Mishnah (Keilim 5:1; 5:7). Seder Taharot. Jerusalem: Beit Midrash Taharot. 2015. OCLC 646968062. https://tablet.otzar.org/he/book/book.php?book=199145&width=0&scroll=0&udid=0&pagenum=1. ""Their ovens were made like unto large pots and they are placed on the ground, connecting them with clay" / "The oven is initially made like a pot and is portable, but when he comes to fix it, he places it on the ground, applying thereto clay and made thicker"" 
  29. Ovadiah di Bertinoro (1978) (in he). Commentary on 'Shisha Sidrei Mishnah'. 3. Jerusalem: Eshkol. p. 17 (Keilim 5:7). OCLC 233308344. ""The tannour is made like unto a large pot which has no brim and is portable, and when he comes to fix it, he connects it onto the ground and applies clay to the outside and makes it thicker, in order that it may retain its heat""  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/233308344
  30. Ovadiah di Bertinoro (1978) (in he). Commentary on 'Shisha Sidrei Mishnah'. 3. Jerusalem: Eshkol. p. 14 (Keilim 5:1). OCLC 233308344. ""An ordinary oven is made like unto a large pot which has no brim, and they connect it to the ground with clay, whilst the pavement of the ground is the plinth of the oven""  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/233308344
  31. Ovadiah di Bertinoro (1978) (in he). Commentary on 'Shisha Sidrei Mishnah'. 3. Jerusalem: Eshkol. p. 17 (Keilim 5:8). OCLC 233308344. ""[Had he] put sand or gravel. [That is to say], between the clay plastered-coating and the oven, by which the oven retains its heat and they bake in it""  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/233308344
  32. Ovadiah di Bertinoro (1978) (in he). Commentary on 'Shisha Sidrei Mishnah'. 3. Jerusalem: Eshkol. p. 15 (Keilim 5:1). OCLC 233308344.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/233308344
  33. Maimonides (1967) (in he). Mishnah, with Maimonides' Commentary. 3. Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook. p. 46. OCLC 741081810. , s.v. Keilim 5:1 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741081810
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