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Topic Review
Poultry Diet
The poultry diet is balanced for metabolizable energy and protein through the incorporation of several ingredients and additives.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Body Mass Index
Increased body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and metabolic diseases. A high BMI may affect outcomes of post-cardiac arrest patients, but the association remains debatable.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Stem Cell Niche Microenvironment
Limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs), which live in a specialized stem cell niche (SCN), are crucial for the survival of the human corneal epithelium. They live at the bottom of the limbal crypts, in a physically enclosed microenvironment with a number of neighboring niche cells. Scientists also simplified features of these diverse microenvironments for more analysis in situ by designing and recreating features of different SCNs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nanocellulose-Based Membrane Filtration Material
Nanocellulose is among the emerging materials of this century and several studies have proven its use in filtering microbes. Its high specific surface area enables the adsorption of various microbial species, and its innate porosity can separate various molecules and retain microbial objects.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Calcium Signaling and Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity
The intermyofibrillar mitochondria constitute the majority of the three-mitochondrial subpopulations in the cardiac myocyte. They are also considered to be the most important in terms of their ability to participate in calcium and cellular signaling, which are critical for the regulation of mitochondrial function and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Xiaochaihu
Xiaochaihu (XCH) is a classic Chinese medicine formula. XCH tablet, XCH granule, XCH capsule, and XCH effervescent tablet are included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Innate Immune Cells in the Chicken Intestine
The chicken intestinal epithelium is a monolayer consisting of various cell types. Intercellular junctional complexes, tight junctions, present between the intestinal epithelial cells maintain the gut barrier integrity. Tight junctions hold the intestinal epithelial cells together to prevent the entry of enteric pathogens and thus maintain gut homeostasis. In addition to the gut microbiota, also intestinal epithelial cells inhibit the entry of pathogens for example by producing a mucus layer. In addtion to this physical barreier, also soluble factors suc a antimicrobial compunds play a role in the defence against pathogens. When all these defense mechanism are not sufficient in protecting the host, the cells of the intestinal innate immune system are activated. Properties and function of these cells are the subject of this entry.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biological and Physiological Role of Oxidative Stress
Antioxidants are a class of molecules with an innate affinity to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been associated with a wide range of diseases mediated by physiological damage to the cells.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Reactive Oxygen Species in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common cancer diagnosed in children and adolescents. Approximately 70% of patients survive >5-years following diagnosis, however, for those that fail upfront therapies, survival is poor. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are elevated in a range of cancers and are emerging as significant contributors to the leukaemogenesis of ALL. ROS modulate the function of signalling proteins through oxidation of cysteine residues, as well as promote genomic instability by damaging DNA, to promote chemotherapy resistance. Current therapeutic approaches exploit the pro-oxidant intracellular environment of malignant B and T lymphoblasts to cause irreversible DNA damage and cell death, however these strategies impact normal haematopoiesis and lead to long lasting side-effects. Therapies suppressing ROS production, especially those targeting ROS producing enzymes such as the NADPH oxidases (NOXs), are emerging alternatives to treat cancers and may be exploited to improve the ALL treatment. 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Global Wine Tourism during COVID-19
To compensate for loss of business during the COVID-19 crisis, wineries in the tourism industry had to apply new strategies. The year 2020 will be remembered as a year of disruption, when the outbreak and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19), along with the global efforts to contain it, caused ruptures—politically, economically, socially, and technologically. The lucrative tourism sector was severely affected as travel restrictions and lockdowns were enforced around the world, reducing it in terms of visitor numbers to 1990 levels. Wine tourism is an important component of national tourism for many wine-producing countries, comprising leisure, culinary, experiential, historical, and cultural visits, which were heavily impacted by this disruption. From the perspective of winery owners, visitors to their cellar door and tasting facilities have become an increasingly important revenue stream. Therefore, the suffering endured was acute, as wineries engaged in wine tourism had to quickly adapt their business model and strategies to fit the rapidly changing trading environment in order to stay viable. Many were forced to rethink their marketing approach, reimagining their tourism offerings. Some owners, however, saw the disruption as an opportunity to reset the tourism industry, to implement a more innovative and sustainable foundation. For this reason, it is of great importance to investigate the reaction of winery operators on the market changes.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Sustainability Budgets
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used to solve global problems, and its use could potentially solve challenges relating to climate change, but the creation of AI systems often requires vast amounts of, up front, computing power, and, thereby, it can be a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. In 2015, the United Nations (UN) set their ‘Sustainable Development Goals’ (SDGs) as key global priorities for a better world by 2030. One of the key goals (Goal 13) is ‘to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts’. More recently, at the 2021 World Climate Summit (a global conference aimed at addressing climate change), a worldwide pledge was made for countries to do more to reduce their carbon footprints. Achieving this aim: utilising ‘Sustainability Budgets’, in analogy with Privacy Budgets in Differential Privacy, it develops a procedure that empowers developers, allows management to have sufficient oversight and provides a governance framework towards achieving Goal 13 of the ‘Sustainable Development Goals’.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Intrathecal/Intraventricular Colistin for Pediatric Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial CNS Infections
Central nervous system (CNS) infections constitute a life-threatening condition, especially in children. Treatment limitations exist for drug-resistant CNS bacterial infections. Inadequate CNS penetration and intravenous (IV) antibiotic treatment failure represent a major clinical challenge. However, patients with antibiotic-resistant bacterial CNS infections may benefit from intrathecal (IT) or intraventricular (IVT) colistin. IT/IVT colistin therapy is safe and effective as either the primary or adjunct treatment for antibiotic-resistant cases with CNS infection.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Cracked Concrete
Corrosion is an electrochemical reaction consisting of anodic and cathodic half-cell reactions. Micro-cell corrosion refers to the situation where active dissolution and the corresponding cathodic half-cell reaction occur in adjacent parts of the same metal. For a steel reinforcing bar in concrete, the surface of the corroding steel can act as a mixed electrode containing both anode and cathode regions connected by the bar itself. Macro-cell corrosion can also form on a single bar exposed to different environments within the concrete or where part of the bar extends outside the concrete. In both cases, the concrete pore solution functions as an electrolyte.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Brand Image in Loyalty of Heritage Tourism
Heritage tourism has become a burgeoning area of research, as it was found to help promote economic growth and regional development, and enhance social identity and heritage conservation. The term “heritage” is often assigned the role of carrier of historical value of the cultural elements of a society, and as such heritage is seen as a strong attraction for tourists; it may refer to tangible elements including historical buildings, art works and landscapes or intangible elements involving the distinctive ways of life and experience of spaces perceived by the visitors as heritage. The latter perspective leads to diversification of heritage and expands to non-traditional areas as industrial production, historical theme parks, restaurants, and seaside resorts. Loyalty has been widely examined in the context of cultural tourism.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Latin American Cattle Ranching Sustainability Debate
The significance of Latin America (LA) in the global food supply is large and prominent. The livestock sector at this time faces social-ecological challenges that will be accentuated in the future and will be incredibly challenging for small and medium producers. It is important to understand the role of LA cattle ranching in the current sustainability debate. In addition, researchers identified the main components of cattle ranching social-ecological systems and evaluated the institutional and ecological interactions of livestock studies by identifying spatial and temporal scales. The complexity and dynamism of cattle ranching in LA make it necessary to address sustainable planning from a systemic approach to guide viable transformations through spatial scales.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Wearable Travel Aids for Blind/Partially Sighted People
The ability to travel (independently) is very important for participation in education, work, leisure activities, and all other aspects of modern life. Blind and partially sighted people experience a number of barriers to travel, including inaccessible information and environments, and consequently require support from technology or other people to overcome them. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Fitting Model for Indoor Positioning on Bluetooth
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a positioning technology that is commonly used in indoor positioning systems (IPS) such as shopping malls or underground parking lots, because of its low power consumption and the low cost of Bluetooth devices. It also maintains high positioning accuracy. However, it is necessary to configure a large number of devices in the environment to obtain accurate positioning results. A planar model that conforms to the signal strength in the environment was generated, wherein the database comparison method is replaced by an equation solution, to improve various costs but diminish the positioning accuracy. Researchers propose to further replace the planar model with a cost-effective fitting model to both save costs and improve positioning accuracy
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Signaling and Transcriptional Regulation of Muscle Catabolic Genes
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by a significant reduction in body weight that is predominantly caused by the loss of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Although the ill effects of cachexia are well known, the condition has been largely overlooked, in part due to its complex etiology, heterogeneity in mediators, and the involvement of diverse signaling pathways. For a long time, inflammatory factors have been the focus when developing therapeutics for the treatment of CC. Despite promising pre-clinical results, they have not yet advanced to the clinic. Developing new therapies requires a comprehensive understanding of how deregulated signaling leads to catabolic gene expression that underlies muscle wasting.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Adipose Cells and Myocytes in Sarcopenic Obesity
As a result of aging, body composition changes, with a decline in muscle mass and an increase in adipose tissue (AT), which reallocates from subcutaneous to visceral depots and stores ectopically in the liver, heart and muscles. Furthermore, with aging, muscle and AT, both of which have recognized endocrine activity, become dysfunctional and contribute, in the case of positive energy balance, to the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO). SO is defined as the co-existence of excess adiposity and low muscle mass and function, and its prevalence increases with age. SO is strongly associated with greater morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of SO is complex and multifactorial. 
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Aptamers for Multiple Myeloma Precision Medicine
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a clonal B-cell neoplasm characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation and accumulation of malignant plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow. Aptamers are short oligonucleotide ligands that bind their targets with great affinity and specificity, and can be easily conjugated to different cargoes for their cell-specific delivery.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2022
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