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Topic Review
Facts about Cutaneous Melanoma
Cutaneous Melanoma is a form of skin cancer characterized by an elevated mutational load that favors high spread to distant organs and resistance to therapies. The identification of biomarkers, able to dissect normal and pathogenic biological processes and response to therapeutic intervention, is necessary to describe melanoma as accurately as possible, having a positive impact on early diagnosis, in turn selecting the best therapeutic option. Recently, a great number of new biomarkers were evaluated, in order to identify those patients who may have clinical benefit from a therapeutic choice, particularly for immunotherapy. At present, these new biomarkers wait to be validated before clinical use. Hence, the requirement to look at and periodically update the advances in this field. 
  • 637
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lectins as Toxins from Marine Animals
Due to their remarkable structural diversity, glycans play important roles as recognition molecules on cell surfaces of living organisms. Carbohydrates exist in numerous isomeric forms and can adopt diverse structures through various branching patterns. Despite their relatively small molecular weights, they exhibit extensive structural diversity. On the other hand, lectins, also known as carbohydrate-binding proteins, not only recognize and bind to the diverse structures of glycans but also induce various biological reactions based on structural differences. Initially discovered as hemagglutinins in plant seeds, lectins have been found to play significant roles in cell recognition processes in higher vertebrates. 
  • 637
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
MBOAT7  in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common and prevalent disorder affecting 25 percent of the adults in the United States and 32 percent of adults globally. It is one of the common causes of chronic liver disease characterized by steatosis, which can lead to inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Multiple genetic variants have been consistently found to be associated with NAFLD; one of them is found in the TMC4-MBOAT7 loci. One variant (rs641738 C>T) within MBOAT7 encoding lysophosphatidyl inositol acyltransferase increases the risk for NAFLD development and triggers hepatic inflammation by regulating arachidonic acid levels. 
  • 637
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Targeting Inflammation in Prostate Cancer
Men of African descent are twice as likely to die of prostate cancer than other men. While equal access to care is the key target to improve cancer survival, it is now known that there are differences in disease biology and risk factor exposure across population groups. These differences could be causatively linked to the existing prostate cancer health disparities.
  • 636
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Defects and Cardiac Epigenome during COVID-19
Heart diseases, including congenital heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disorders, are considered comorbidities that render a major mortality risk to COVID-19 patients and make the treatment procedure extremely challenging. CHDs and cardiovascular disorders increase the susceptibility to heart failure which is much increased in patients of COVID-19. Epigenetic perturbations through DNA methylation, histone modification, nc-RNA and so on, with alterations in transcriptome and proteome are reported in COVID-19 patients.
  • 636
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Stem Cell Expression of Odontogenic Tumors and Cysts
Stem cells have been associated with self-renewing and plasticity and have been investigated in various odontogenic lesions in association with their pathogenesis and biological behavior. Stem cells might be linked to the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of odontogenic pathologies and represent a potential target for future individualized therapies.
  • 636
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
NLRP6 in Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) causes severe pulmonary diseases, leading to high morbidity and mortality. It has been reported that inflammasomes such as NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) play an important role in the host defense against S. pneumoniae infection. However, the role of NLRP6 in vivo and in vitro against S. pneumoniae remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the role of NLRP6 in regulating the S. pneumoniae-induced inflammatory signaling pathway in vitro and the role of NLRP6 in the host defense against S. pneumoniae in vivo by using NLRP6−/− mice.
  • 635
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Developmental Biology, Exosomes, Transcriptome
A review on COVID-19 in the context of developmental biology, exosomes, and transcriptome.
  • 635
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Retinopathies and Underlying Metabolic Mechanisms
The retina is one of the most metabolically active organs in the body. Although it is an extension of the brain, the metabolic needs of the retina and metabolic exchanges between the different cell types in the retina are not the same as that of the brain. Retinal photoreceptors convert most of the glucose into lactate via aerobic glycolysis which takes place in their cytosol, yet there are immense numbers of mitochondria in photoreceptors.
  • 635
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Role of Mitochondria in Somatic Stem Cell Differentiation
While mitochondrial biogenesis has been previously demonstrated in number of differentiation models, it is only recently that the role of mitochondrial dynamics has started to be explored. The discovery of asymmetric distribution of mitochondria in stem cell progeny has strengthened the interest in the field.
  • 635
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Modulatory Signals in the Regulation of Bicarbonate Transporters
Bicarbonate transporters are responsible for the appropriate flux of bicarbonate across the plasma membrane to perform various fundamental cellular functions. The functions of bicarbonate transporters, including pH regulation, cell migration, and inflammation, are highlighted in various cellular systems, encompassing their participation in both physiological and pathological processes. 
  • 635
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Zinc-Dependent Histone Deacetylases in Lung Endothelial Pathobiology
The intricate dynamics of endothelial cells (ECs), form a monolayer along blood vessel lumens and act as a semi-selective barrier between blood and interstitial spaces. In instances of inflammatory or toxic events, compromise of the lung EC barrier may lead to pulmonary edema, a crucial aspect of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The nuanced control of EC functions involves epigenetic mechanisms, particularly those mediated by zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs). Representing the largest HDAC subgroup, zinc-dependent HDACs are activated by Zn2+ and play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation by modifying chromatin structure and deacetylating non-histone proteins.
  • 635
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sigma-1 Receptor in Calcium Modulation
Ca2+ signaling plays a pivotal role in the control of cellular homeostasis and aberrant regulation of Ca2+ fluxes have a strong impact on cellular functioning. As a consequence of this ubiquitous role, Ca2+ signaling dysregulation is involved in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases including cancer. Indeed, multiple studies have highlighted the role of Ca2+ fluxes in all the steps of cancer progression. In particular, the transfer of Ca2+ at the ER-mitochondrial contact sites, also known as mitochondrial associated membranes (MAMs), has been shown to be crucial for cancer cell survival. One of the proteins enriched at this site is the sigma-1 receptor (S1R), a protein that has been described as a Ca2+-sensitive chaperone that exerts a protective function in cells in various ways, including the modulation of Ca2+ signaling. Interestingly, S1R is overexpressed in many types of cancer even though the exact mechanisms by which it promotes cell survival are not fully elucidated. 
  • 634
  • 24 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Common Network of Molecular Pathways of Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a highly prevalent, severely debilitating neurological disorder characterized by seizures and neuronal hyperactivity due to an imbalanced neurotransmission. As genetic factors play a key role in epilepsy and its treatment, various genetic and genomic technologies continue to dissect the genetic causes of this disorder.
  • 634
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The HMGB Proteins History from Yeast to Cancer
Yeasts have been a part of human life since ancient times in the fermentation of many natural products used for food. In addition, in the 20th century, they became powerful tools to elucidate the functions of eukaryotic cells as soon as the techniques of molecular biology developed.
  • 634
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Neurological Disorders in Animals with NKA Mutations
Endogenous cardiotonic steroids are involved in the pathogenesis of affective disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder, which are linked to dopaminergic system dysfunction. Animal models have shown that the cardiotonic steroid ouabain induces mania-like behavior through dopamine-dependent intracellular signaling pathways. In addition, mutations in the alpha subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase lead to the development of neurological pathologies. Evidence from animal models confirms the neurological consequences of mutations in the Na+,K+-ATPase alpha subunit. 
  • 634
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
PPARs and Vitamin D Receptor in Cancer
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, which respond to specific ligands such as polyunsaturated fatty acids by altering gene expression. Three subtypes of this receptor have been discovered, each evolving to achieve different biological functions. Like other nuclear receptors, the transcriptional activity of PPARs is affected not only by ligand-stimulation, but also by cross-talk with other molecules. For example, both PPARs and the RXRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that coordinately regulate gene expression. In addition, PPARs and vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling pathways regulate a multitude of genes that are of importance for cellular functions including cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Interaction of the PPARs and VDR signaling pathways has been shown at the level of molecular cross-regulation of their transcription factor. A variety of ligands influencing the PPARs and VDR signaling pathways have been shown to reveal chemopreventive potential by mediating tumor suppressive activities in human cancers.
  • 634
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Selenium in Redox Biology
Living organisms use selenium mainly in the form of selenocysteine in the active site of oxidoreductases. Here, selenium’s unique chemistry is believed to modulate the reaction mechanism and enhance the catalytic efficiency of specific enzymes in ways not achievable with a sulfur-containing cysteine. However, despite the fact that selenium/sulfur have different physicochemical properties, several selenoproteins have fully functional cysteine-containing homologues and some organisms do not use selenocysteine at all. 
  • 634
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sampling of Non-Electrochemical Sweat Sensors
Sweat, commonly referred to as the ultrafiltrate of blood plasma, is an essential physiological fluid in the human body. It contains a wide range of metabolites, electrolytes, and other biologically significant markers that are closely linked to human health. Compared to other bodily fluids, such as blood, sweat offers distinct advantages in terms of ease of collection and non-invasive detection. 
  • 634
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
VEGF/VEGFR Axis for Cancer Therapy
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) axis is indispensable in the process of angiogenesis and has been implicated as a key driver of tumor vascularization. Consequently, several strategies that target VEGF and its cognate receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, have been designed to treat cancer. While therapies targeting full-length VEGF have resulted in an improvement in both overall survival and progression-free survival in various cancers, these benefits have been modest. In addition, the inhibition of VEGFRs is associated with undesirable off-target effects. Moreover, VEGF splice variants that modulate sprouting and non-sprouting angiogenesis have been identified. Cues within the tumor microenvironment determine the expression patterns of these variants. Noteworthy is that the mechanisms of action of these variants challenge the established norm of VEGF signaling.
  • 632
  • 15 Dec 2022
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