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Topic Review
Sustainability in Cosmetic Products
Characterize particulate matter (PM) concentrations released during the application of cosmetic powders, estimate the respiratory dosage for the different cosmetic powder types, and evaluate the sustainability based on the environmental and health effects.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Immune Endocannabinoid System
Because of the immunoregulatory properties of cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may have an important role in shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME). Members of the ECS, an entity that consists of cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids and their synthesizing/degrading enzymes, have been associated with both tumor growth and rejection. Immune cells express cannabinoid receptors and produce endocannabinoids, thereby forming an “immune endocannabinoid system”. Although in vitro effects of exogenous cannabinoids on immune cells are well described, the role of the ECS in the TME, and hence in tumor development and immunotherapy, is still elusive.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2020
Topic Review
PAH Gene
phenylalanine hydroxylase
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Wood-based pellets in Southeastern US
Effects of pellet production on selected Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) are evaluated using industry information, available energy consumption data, and published research findings. Challenges associated with identifying relevant SDG goals and targets for this particular bioenergy supply chain and potential deleterious impacts are discussed. We find that production of woody pellets in the SE US and shipments to displace coal for energy in Europe generate positive effects on affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), decent work and economic growth (SDG 8), industry innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9), responsible consumption and production (SDG 12), and life on land (SDG 15). Primary strengths of the pellet supply chain in the SE US are the provisioning of employment in depressed rural areas and the displacement of fossil fuels. Weaknesses are associated with potential impacts on air, water, and biodiversity that arise if the resource base and harvest activities are improperly managed. The SE US pellet supply chain provides an opportunity for transition to low-carbon industries and innovations while incentivizing better resource management.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Biochemical-Modification of Titanium Oral Implants
Biochemical Modification of Titanium Surfaces (BMTiS) is the process that immobilize proteins, enzymes, or peptides on biomaterials for the purpose of inducing specific cell and tissue responses or, in other words, to control the tissue implant interface with molecules delivered directly to the interface. Biochemical surface modification utilizes critical organic components of bone to affect tissue response. The purpose of implant surface functionalization by BMTiS derives from the supposition that the ability to imitate bone tissue’s characteristics may increment implant surface performances, thus promoting the initial biological response. Therefore BMTiS, strictly speaking, refers only to the use of molecules normally present in the human body.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Small Molecular TKIs for EGFR Mutation in NSCLC
Molecular targeted therapy was reported to have fewer adverse effects and offer a more convenient route of administration compared with conventional chemotherapy. With the development of sequencing technology and research on the molecular biology of lung cancer, especially whole-genome information on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), various therapeutic targets have been unveiled. Among the NSCLC-driving gene mutations, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are the most common driver gene, and approximately 10% of Caucasian and more than 50% of Asian NSCLC patients have been found to have sensitive EGFR mutations. A variety of targeted therapeutic agents for EGFR mutations have been approved for clinical applications or are undergoing clinical trials around the world. This review is focused on the indications of approved small molecular kinase inhibitors for EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC, the mechanisms of drug resistance and the corresponding therapeutic strategies, as well as the principle of reasonable and precision molecular structure for drug development discovery of next-generation inhibitors for EGFR, which would accelerate anticancer drug discovery.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Germinal Centers in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation, affecting approximately 1% of the general population. To alleviate symptoms and ameliorate joint damage, chronic use of immunosuppressives is needed. However, these treatments are only partially effective and may lead to unwanted side effects. Therefore, a more profound understanding of the pathophysiology might lead to more effective therapies, or better still, a cure.  The presence of autoantibodies in RA indicates that B-cells might have a pivotal role in the disease. This concept is further supported by the fact that a diverse antibody response to various arthritis related epitopes is associated with arthritis development. In this context, attention has focused in recent years on the role of Germinal Centers (GCs) in RA. Since GCs act as the main anatomic location of somatic hypermutations, and thus contribute to the diversity and specificity of (auto) antibodies, it has been speculated that defects in germinal center reactions might be crucial in the initiation and maintenance of auto-immune events.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Clinical, Morphological, and Pathogenetic Characteristics of NAFLD
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently one of the most common liver diseases. Unfavorable data on the epidemiology of metabolic syndrome and obesity have increased the attention of clinicians and researchers to the problem of NAFLD. The findings allow us to emphasize the systemic and multifactorial nature of the pathogenesis of liver parenchyma lesion. At the same time, many aspects of its classification, etiology and pathogenesis remain controversial.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Wood Dust and Nasopharynx and Sinonasal Cancer
Millions of workers around the world are exposed to wood dust, as a by-product of woodworking. Nasopharynx cancers (NPCs) and sinonasal cancers (SNCs) are two cancers that can be caused by occupational exposure to wood dust, but there is little evidence regarding their burden in Canada. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bioactivity of Ascorbic Acid
Ascorbic acid (L-enantiomer) is commonly known as vitamin C composed of six carbons and related to the C6 sugars. It is the aldono-1,4-lactone of a hexonic acid with an enediol group on carbons 2 and 3. As an essential micronutrient, ascorbic acid plays a vital role in maintaining normal metabolic processes and homeostasis within the human body.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Dysregulation of Mitochondrial Metabolism in Fanconi Anemia-Deficient Cells
Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway deficiency is associated with dysregulated cellular metabolism in addition to defects in interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) repair, and metabolic abnormalities are an important potential contributor to the observed clinical phenotypes. Metabolic dysregulation is reflected by changes in mitochondrial structure and function with reduced energy production and an increase in oxidative stress and defective mitophagy. Furthermore, mutations in FA proteins cause increased aldehyde load and subsequent aldehyde induced damage, resulting in reduced cellular capacity for aldehyde detoxification, and hyperproduction of, and sensitivity to, inflammatory cytokines. Metabolic reprogramming in individuals with FA may be linked to an array of phenotypes poorly explained by deficient DNA repair, including short stature, insulin resistance, thyroid dysfunction, abnormal body mass index (BMI) and dyslipidemia. Metabolism is a dynamic process which is essential for cell viability, from maintaining membrane potentials, provision of metabolic energy in the form of ATP via oxidation of nutrients (catabolism) for cell maintenance and repair, to cell proliferation that requires ATP to drive the formation of complex macromolecules (anabolism), and tissue specific activities such as contraction of muscle and generation of action potentials in the brain. Nutrient uptake and utilization are commonly altered in cancers and many show a strong dependence on glutamine.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Approaches to Microsample Collections
Although the application of microsamples in metabolic phenotyping exists, it is still in its infancy, with whole blood being overwhelmingly the primary biofluid collected through the collection method of dried blood spots. 
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticles Used in X-Ray Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has long been known as an effective method for treating surface cancer tissues. Deeper penetration of X-rays into tissues has been implemented, which is now known as X-ray photodynamic therapy (XPDT). The two methods differ in the photon energy used, thus requiring the use of different types of scintillating nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are known to convert the incident energy into the activation energy of a photosensitizer, which leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
3D Bioprinting Skin and Melanoma Models
Melanoma is a potentially fatal cancer with rising incidence, associated with enhanced sun exposure and ultraviolet radiation. Its incidence is highest in people of European descent and the ageing population. Although survival has improved due to advances in targeted and immunotherapies, new understanding of melanoma biology and disease progression is vital to improving clinical outcomes. Efforts to develop three-dimensional human skin equivalent models using biofabrication techniques, such as bioprinting, promise to deliver a better understanding of the complexity of melanoma and associated risk factors. These 3D skin models can be used as a platform for patient specific models and testing therapeutics.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Apoptosis and (in) Pain—Potential Clinical Implications
The deregulation of apoptosis is involved in the development of several pathologies, and recent evidence suggests that apoptosis may be involved in chronic pain, namely in neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain state caused by primary damage or dysfunction of the nervous system. Recently, it was found that nerve endings contain transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that sense and detect signals released by injured tissues and respond to these damage signals. TRP channels are similar to the voltage-gated potassium channels or nucleotide-gated channels that participate in calcium and magnesium homeostasis. TRP channels allowing calcium to penetrate into nerve terminals can activate apoptosis, leading to nerve terminal destruction. Further, some TRPs are activated by acid and reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are mainly produced in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and an increase in ROS production and/or a decrease in the antioxidant network may induce oxidative stress (OS). Depending on the OS levels, they can promote cellular proliferation and/or cell degeneration or death. Previous studies have indicated that proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), play an important role in the peripheral mediation of neuropathic pain. 
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Biomaterial Surface Modifications
Biomaterials exhibit various degrees of compatibility with the harsh environment within a living organism. They need to be nonreactive chemically and physically with the body, as well as integrate when deposited into tissue. The extent of compatibility varies based on the application and material required. Often modifications to the surface of a biomaterial system are required to maximize performance. The surface can be modified in many ways, including plasma modification and applying coatings to the substrate. Surface modifications can be used to affect surface energy, adhesion, biocompatibility, chemical inertness, lubricity, sterility, asepsis, thrombogenicity, susceptibility to corrosion, degradation, and hydrophilicity.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Antineoplastic Activities and Molecular Mechanisms of Inula viscosa
Cancer is a complex disease including approximately 200 different entities that can potentially affect all body tissues. Among the conventional treatments, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are most often applied to different types of cancers. Despite substantial advances in the development of innovative antineoplastic drugs, cancer remains one of the most significant causes of death, worldwide. The principal pitfall of successful cancer treatment is the intrinsic or acquired resistance to therapeutic agents. The development of more effective or synergistic therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcomes and minimize toxicity has become an urgent issue. Inula viscosa is widely distributed throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia. Used as a medicinal plant in different countries, I. viscosa has been characterized for its complex chemical composition in order to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for its biological activities, including anticancer effects.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Difference
Difference is a key concept of philosophy, denoting the process or set of properties by which one entity is distinguished from another within a relational field or a given conceptual system. In the Western philosophical system, difference is traditionally viewed as being opposed to identity, following the Principles of Leibniz, and in particular, his Law of the identity of indiscernibles. In structuralist and poststructuralist accounts, however, difference is understood to be constitutive of both meaning and identity. In other words, because identity (particularly, personal identity) is viewed in non-essentialist terms as a construct, and because constructs only produce meaning through the interplay of differences (see below), it is the case that for both structuralism and poststructuralism, identity cannot be said to exist without difference.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation in Chromium-Induced Carcinogenesis
Chromium (Cr)is a naturally occurring heavy metal widely distributed in soil, rocks, and living organisms. Cr primarily exists in two stable valence states: trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] or Cr(VI). Cr(VI) exposure can cause a series of adverse effects on the respiratory system (including asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract irritation), skin (including contact dermatitis, skin burns, blisters, and skin ulcers), gastrointestinal (GI) tract (including gastric ulcers and gastritis), and kidneys (acute tubular necrosis and renal failure).
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Agricultural Big Data and Machine Learning
Sustainable agriculture is currently being challenged under climate change scenarios since extreme environmental processes disrupt and diminish global food production. For example, drought-induced increases in plant diseases and rainfall caused a decrease in food production. Machine Learning and Agricultural Big Data are high-performance computing technologies that allow analyzing a large amount of data to understand agricultural production. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2022
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