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Topic Review
Self-Expandable Metal Stent
Self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) is commonly accepted in a palliative setting for symptomatic obstructive colorectal cancer.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol in Human Male Fertility
Resveratrol (RSV) (3,4′,5 trihydroxystilbene) is a natural, non-flavonoid polyphenol widely present in the Mediterranean diet and, particularly, in grapes, peanuts, berries, and red wine.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
The Vaginal Microbiota
The human vagina is a useful and accessible route for local and systemic administration of drugs, and particularly for clinical indications that are directly associated with women’s sexual and reproductive health. Spurred in part by progressive societal changes to attitudes, behaviors and stigmas around the human vagina, the past twenty years has witnessed increased interest among users, clinicians, and the pharmaceutical industry in developing and using vaginal products for therapeutic benefit.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Potential Ozone Impacts of Landfills
Landfill gas produces ozone precursors such as nitrogen oxides and formaldehyde when combusted in flares or stationary engines. Solid waste landfills are also the third largest anthropogenic source of methane in the United States. Methane is both a greenhouse gas and a tropospheric ozone precursor. Despite its low photochemical reactivity, methane may noticeably affect urban ozone if released in large quantities along with other organic compounds in landfill gas. A fine-scale 3D Eulerian chemical transport model was used to demonstrate that, under meteorological and background chemical conditions conducive to high ozone concentrations, typical emissions of ozone precursors from a single hypothetical landfill may result in persistent daytime additions to ozone of over 1 part per billion (ppb) by volume tens of kilometers downwind.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lifestyle Changed by COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious challenge for societies around the globe as entire populations have fallen victim to the infectious spread and have taken up social distancing. In many countries, people have had to self-isolate and to be confined to their homes for several weeks to months to prevent the spread of the virus. Social distancing measures have had both negative and positive impacts on various aspects of economies, lifestyles, education, transportation, food supply, health, social life, and mental wellbeing.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Fashion Rental
Fashion rental is one of the product–service system (PSS) models currently seen as an alternative to traditional fashion consumption channels. It is perceived to offer more sustainable consumption alternatives than fashion ownership, with the potential to extend garment use and lifecycles. 
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Signaling Pathways Involving Epigallocatechin Gallate
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the main bioactive component of catechins predominantly present in various types of tea. EGCG is well known for a wide spectrum of biological activities as an anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor agent. The effect of EGCG on cell death mechanisms via the induction of apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy has been documented.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Endophytism of Lecanicillium and Akanthomyces
The rise of the holobiont concept confers a prominent importance to the endophytic associates of plants, particularly to species known to be able to exert a mutualistic role as defensive or growth-promoting agents. The finding that many entomopathogenic fungi are harbored within plant tissues and possess bioactive properties going beyond a merely anti-insectan effect has recently prompted a widespread investigational activity concerning their occurrence and functions in crops, in the aim of an applicative exploitation conforming to the paradigm of sustainable agriculture.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Molecular Hydrogen Hypothesis
Since the late 18th century, molecular hydrogen (H2) has been shown to be well tolerated, firstly in animals, and then in humans. However, although research into the beneficial effects of molecular hydrogen in both plant and mammalian physiology is gaining momentum, the idea of utilising this electrochemically neutral and non-polar diatomic compound for the benefit of health has yet to be widely accepted by regulatory bodies worldwide. Due to the precise mechanisms of H2 activity being as yet undefined, the lack of primary target identification, coupled with difficulties regarding administration methods (e.g., dosage and dosage frequencies, long-term effects of treatment, and the patient’s innate antioxidant profile), there is a requirement for H2 research to evidence how it can reasonably and most effectively be incorporated into medical practice.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Harnessing Trichoderma in Agriculture
Increased agricultural activities driven by rising food demand have led to environmental problems mostly arising from the high levels of external inputs and resources that are required. Additionally, environmental changes, such as global warming, can lead to various biotic and abiotic stresses, which have negative impacts on crop production. Numerous solutions and agricultural strategies have been introduced to overcome these problems. One of the ways to improve plant production as well as to increase resistance towards biotic and abiotic stresses is by utilizing beneficial microbes as soil inoculants. A better understanding of the ability of Trichoderma to enhance crop production and the mechanisms that are involved are important for deriving maximum benefits from their exploitation. These versatile fungi hold great promise for the development of viable commercial products that can be used widely in agriculture for increasing crop productivity in a more sustainable way.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pediatric Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare disorder characterized by dysregulation of the alternate pathway. The diagnosis of aHUS is one of exclusion, which complicates its early detection and corresponding intervention to mitigate its high rate of mortality and associated morbidity. Heterozygous mutations in complement regulatory proteins linked to aHUS are not always phenotypically active, and may require a particular trigger for the disease to manifest. This list of triggers continues to expand as more data is aggregated, particularly centered around COVID-19 and pediatric vaccinations. Novel genetic mutations continue to be identified though advancements in technology as well as greater access to cohorts of interest, as in diacylglycerol kinase epsilon (DGKE). DGKE mutations associated with aHUS are the first non-complement regulatory proteins associated with the disease, drastically changing the established framework. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Mountain Permafrost Hydrology
Mountain Permafrost Hydrology can be defined as “the geoscience that describes and predicts the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of the water within high and cold mountainous terrain”.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cementitious Materials Mixed with Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology is an innovative developing science in the area of civil engineering that is still in its early stages. Extensive attempts were made to integrate nanomaterials into traditional cementitious pastes to improve performance. Previous research has shown that incorporating nanomaterial into geopolymer concrete (GPC) enhances the geopolymerization and microstructure. As a result of their exceptional and intelligent characteristics, cementitious materials mixed with nanomaterials led to high-performance structural components for various purposes in the building sector.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
The liver is one of the richest organs in mitochondria, serving as a hub for key metabolic pathways such as β-oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, ketogenesis, respiratory activity, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, all of which provide metabolic energy for the entire body. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to subcellular organelle dysfunction in liver diseases, particularly fatty liver disease. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a life-threatening liver disorder unique to pregnancy, which can result in serious maternal and fetal complications, including death. Pregnant mothers with this disease require early detection, prompt delivery, and supportive maternal care. AFLP was considered a mysterious illness and though its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, molecular research over the past two decades has linked AFLP to mitochondrial dysfunction and defects in fetal fatty-acid oxidation (FAO). Due to deficient placental and fetal FAO, harmful 3-hydroxy fatty acid metabolites accumulate in the maternal circulation, causing oxidative stress and microvesicular fatty infiltration of the liver, resulting in AFLP. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment by Natural Polymer
Water pollution caused by heavy metal ions and dyes is causing serious environmental problems. Heavy metal ions and dyes such as chromium ion (Cr(VI)) and methylene blue (MB) used in various industries are soluble in aquatic conditions. In an aquatic environment, they can be easily consumed and can cause severe health problems, including carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Natural polymers such as lignin, cellulose, or chitosan are often used, or synthetic microspheres are modified using a bio-based polymer such as vanillin. Natural polymers meet one of the requirements to minimize the secondary pollution in that they are mostly eco-friendly and biodegradable. Besides this, natural polymers also exhibit great performance as adsorbents.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Treatment Strategies in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a type of blood cancer that is currently well-managed with drugs that target cancer-causing proteins. However, a significant proportion of CML patients do not respond to those drug treatments or relapse when they stop those drugs because the cancer cells in those patients stop relying on that protein and instead develop a new way to survive. Therefore, new treatment strategies may be necessary for those patients.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Based Antidiabetic Agents
Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic syndrome that is associated with high blood glucose levels. The number of diabetic patients is increasing every year and the total number of cases is expected to reach more than 600 million worldwide by 2045. Modern antidiabetic drugs alleviate hyperglycaemia and complications that are caused by high blood glucose levels. Due to the side effects of these drugs, plant extracts and bioactive compounds with antidiabetic properties have been gaining attention as alternative treatments for diabetes. Natural products are biocompatible, cheaper and expected to cause fewer side effects than the current antidiabetic drugs. Various nanocarrier systems are discussed, such as liposomes, niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles and metallic nanoparticles. These systems have been applied to overcome the limitations of the current drugs and simultaneously improve the efficacy of plant-based antidiabetic drugs. The main challenges in the formulation of plant-based nanocarriers are the loading capacity of the plant extracts and the stability of the carriers. Lipid nanocarriers and the amphipathic properties of phospholipids and liposomes that encapsulate hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic drugs is also described. A special emphasis is placed on metallic nanoparticles, with their advantages and associated complications being reported to highlight their effectiveness for treating hyperglycaemia.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Inner Ear Injury and Glucocorticoid Therapy
Hearing loss represents a significant handicap that gravely impacts the quality of life. Normal hearing function depends on the mechanical and physiological integrity of the middle and inner ear structures and their associated nervous system. The middle ear is composed of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes. Accordingly, middle ear pathologies primarily involve the mechanical compromise of the eardrum or its associated ossicles due to, for example, an infection, a fluid accumulation or trauma. Corticosteroid therapy has been mainly effective in stopping, decreasing or correcting an auditory impairment in numerous other etiologies of hearing loss, a steroid therapy has also been encouraged in the field of surgical inner ear interventions.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Knowledge Management Criteria in the Banking Industry
Banks’ performance and profitability were influenced significantly by the COVID-19 pandemic. Facing the impact and challenges derived from the pandemic, some responsive measures needed to be adopted by the banking industry. Supported by successful sustainability performance and a competitive advantage, accurate knowledge management could help organizations to survive future pandemics.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications), usually known by the acronym DECT, is a standard primarily used for creating cordless telephone systems. It originated in Europe, where it is the universal standard, replacing earlier cordless phone standards, such as 900 MHz CT1 and CT2. Beyond Europe, it has been adopted by Australia , and most countries in Asia and South America. North American adoption was delayed by United States radio frequency regulations. This forced development of a variation of DECT, called DECT 6.0, using a slightly different frequency range which makes these units incompatible with systems intended for use in other areas, even from the same manufacturer. DECT has almost universally replaced other standards in most countries where it is used, with the exception of North America. DECT was originally intended for fast roaming between networked base stations and the first DECT product was Net3 wireless LAN. However, its most popular application is single-cell cordless phones connected to traditional analog telephone, primarily in home and small office systems, though gateways with multi-cell DECT and/or DECT repeaters are also available in many private branch exchange (PBX) systems for medium and large businesses produced by Panasonic, Mitel, Gigaset, Snom, BT Business, Spectralink, and RTX Telecom. DECT can also be used for purposes other than cordless phones, such as baby monitors and industrial sensors. The ULE Alliance's DECT ULE and its HAN FUN protocol are variants tailored for home security, automation, and the internet of things (IoT). The DECT standard includes the generic access profile (GAP), a common interoperability profile for simple telephone capabilities, which most manufacturers implement. GAP-conformance enables DECT handsets and bases from different manufacturers to interoperate at the most basic level of functionality, that of making and receiving calls. New Generation DECT (NG-DECT) standard, marketed as CAT-iq by the DECT Forum, provides a common set of advanced capabilities for handsets and base stations. CAT-iq allows interchangeability across IP-DECT base stations and handsets from different manufacturers, while maintaining backward-compatibility with GAP equipment. It also requires mandatory support for wideband audio.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Oct 2022
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