Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation
Neurofeedback is a non-invasive therapeutic approach that has gained traction in recent years, showing promising results for various neurological and psychiatric conditions. It involves real-time monitoring of brain activity, allowing individuals to gain control over their own brainwaves and improve cognitive performance or alleviate symptoms. The use of electroencephalography (EEG), such as brain–computer interface (BCI), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), has been instrumental in developing neurofeedback techniques.
  • 458
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
High-Throughput Screening for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are incurable and debilitating conditions that result in progressive degeneration and/or death of nerve cells in the central nervous system (CNS). High-throughput screening (HTS) has increasingly been used for novel drug discovery in the field of pharmaceutics replacing the traditional “trial and error” approach to identify therapeutic targets and validate biological effects. HTS involves assaying and screening a large number of biological effectors and modulators against designated and exclusive targets.
  • 455
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
ROS and Pressure Ulcer Formation
During the reperfusion phase, oxygen is reintroduced to the tissue, which leads to an oxidative burst that produces an extensive amount of ROS. After oxygen returns to the tissue, xanthine oxidase generates superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which causes tissue injury, activation of phagocytic cells, and damage to membrane lipids, proteins, and DNA. In addition, the return of oxygen into the tissue leads to a dramatic increase in mitochondrial activity.
  • 452
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Mechanisms of and Therapeutics for Neurological Long COVID
The development of long-term symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) more than four weeks after primary infection, termed “long COVID” or post-acute sequela of COVID-19 (PASC), can implicate persistent neurological complications in up to one third of patients and present as fatigue, “brain fog”, headaches, cognitive impairment, dysautonomia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, anosmia, hypogeusia, and peripheral neuropathy. Pathogenic mechanisms of these symptoms of long COVID remain largely unclear; however, several hypotheses implicate both nervous system and systemic pathogenic mechanisms such as SARS-CoV2 viral persistence and neuroinvasion, abnormal immunological response, autoimmunity, coagulopathies, and endotheliopathy. Outside of the CNS, SARS-CoV-2 can invade the support and stem cells of the olfactory epithelium leading to persistent alterations to olfactory function. SARS-CoV-2 infection may induce abnormalities in innate and adaptive immunity including monocyte expansion, T-cell exhaustion, and prolonged cytokine release, which may cause neuroinflammatory responses and microglia activation, white matter abnormalities, and microvascular changes. Additionally, microvascular clot formation can occlude capillaries and endotheliopathy, due to SARS-CoV-2 protease activity and complement activation, can contribute to hypoxic neuronal injury and blood–brain barrier dysfunction, respectively.
  • 450
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Depressive Disorders
Around 15% of the world population has been diagnosed with a depressive disorder at least once in their life. The average annual prevalence of depressive disorders among the adult population, according to the World Health Organization, is 5%. Depression is one of the most common mental disorders. Depression negatively impacts the ability to work, decreases the quality of life, and constitutes a major risk factor for suicide and other adverse health outcomes. Subclinical depression may also precede the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
  • 445
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Characterization, Therapy and Management of Alport Syndrome
Alport syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic disorder categorized by the progressive loss of kidney function, sensorineural hearing loss and eye abnormalities. It occurs due to mutations in three genes that encode for the alpha chains of type IV collagen. Globally, the disease is classified based on the pattern of inheritance into X-linked AS (XLAS), which is caused by pathogenic variants in COL4A5, representing 80% of AS. Autosomal recessive AS (ARAS), caused by mutations in either COL4A3 or COL4A4, represents 15% of AS. Autosomal dominant AS (ADAS) is rare and has been recorded in 5% of all cases due to mutations in COL4A3 or COL4A4. 
  • 441
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Symptomatic Treatments for Chronic Neurodegeneration
Symptomatic treatments are available for Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. An unmet need is cure or disease modification. This review discusses possible reasons for negative clinical study outcomes on disease modification following promising positive findings from experimental research. It scrutinizes current research paradigms for disease modification with antibodies against pathological protein enrichment, such as α-synuclein, amyloid or tau, based on post mortem findings. Instead a more uniform regenerative and reparative therapeutic approach for chronic neurodegenerative disease entities is proposed with stimulation of an endogenously existing repair system, which acts independent of specific disease mechanisms. The repulsive guidance molecule A pathway is involved in the regulation of peripheral and central neuronal restoration. Therapeutic antagonism of repulsive guidance molecule A reverses neurodegeneration according to experimental outcomes in numerous disease models in rodents and monkeys. Antibodies against repulsive guidance molecule A exist. First clinical studies in neurological conditions with an acute onset are under way. Future clinical trials with these antibodies should initially focus on well characterized uniform cohorts of patients. The efficiency of repulsive guidance molecule A antagonism and associated stimulation of neurogenesis should be demonstrated with objective assessment tools to counteract dilution of therapeutic effects by subjectivity and heterogeneity of chronic disease entities. Such a research concept will hopefully enhance clinical test strategies and improve the future therapeutic armamentarium for chronic neurodegeneration
  • 440
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Factors Influencing Human Microbiota
The human microbiota embodies the whole population of microorganisms present in the human body and is mainly represented by the gut microbiota. Factors influencing the composition and activity of the gut microbiota can alter the balance that exists between the host and the microbiota by compromising its functions. 
  • 440
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Ataxia in Neurometabolic Disorders
Ataxia is a movement disorder that manifests during the execution of purposeful movements. It results from damage to the structures of the cerebellum and its connections or the posterior cords of the spinal cord. It should be noted that, in addition to occurring as part of many diseases, pediatric ataxia is a common symptom in neurometabolic diseases. 
  • 438
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Stroke in Cancer
Stroke and cancer are disabling diseases with an enormous global burden, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations and low- and middle-income countries. Both these diseases share common risk factors, which warrant concerted attention toward reshaping population health approaches and the conducting of fundamental studies.
  • 433
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Immune Epilepsy
Immune Epilepsy can be defined as acute symptomatic seizures secondary to autoimmune encephalitis” or“autoimmune-associated epilepsy. The former consider cases in which immune encephalitis with positive neural surface antibodies presents with symptomatic seizures but reaches long-term seizure freedom with immune-targeted therapy; the latter would account for those with antibodies targeting intracellular antigens such as glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and onconeural protein antibodies, in which immunotherapy is frequently ineffective as a result of neural death and permanent brain damage
  • 431
  • 04 May 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Plasmapheresis with Albumin Replacement in Alzheimer’s Disease
Reducing the burden of beta-amyloid accumulation and toxic autoimmunity-related proteins, one of the recognized pathophysiological markers of chronic and common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), may be a valid alternative therapy to reduce their accumulation in the brain and thus reduce the progression of these disorders.
  • 428
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
7T MRI for Intracranial Vessel Wall Lesions
Intracranial vessel wall lesions are involved in a variety of neurological diseases. The advanced technique 7T MRI provides greater efficacy in the diagnosis of the pathology changes in the vessel wall and helps to identify potential subtle lesions.
  • 425
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
miRNA in Pituitary Adenoma
Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a common intracranial tumor without specific biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA), regulate a variety of cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The miRNA, a small, endogenous, single-stranded, non-coding RNA with a length of 19 to 25 nucleotides that inhibits post-transcriptional protein synthesis via binding to the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), plays an important role in a variety of essential and biophysiological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Accumulating studies have shown the dysfunction of miRNAs in human biological fluids and in cell-free environments, suggesting that these miRNAs can function as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. These important findings may contribute to provide novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PA.
  • 424
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
From CGRP to PACAP: Novel Antimigraine Drug Targets
Migraine is a neurovascular disorder that can be debilitating for individuals and society. Current research focuses on finding effective analgesics and management strategies for migraines by targeting specific receptors and neuropeptides. Nonetheless, newly approved calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have a 50% responder rate ranging from 27 to 71.0%, whereas CGRP receptor inhibitors have a 50% responder rate ranging from 56 to 71%. To address the need for novel therapeutic targets, researchers are exploring the potential of another secretin family peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), as a ground-breaking treatment avenue for migraine. Preclinical models have revealed how PACAP affects the trigeminal system, which is implicated in headache disorders. Clinical studies have demonstrated the significance of PACAP in migraine pathophysiology; however, a few clinical trials remain inconclusive: the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide 1 receptor mAb, AMG 301 showed no benefit for migraine prevention, while the PACAP ligand mAb, Lu AG09222 significantly reduced the number of monthly migraine days over placebo in a phase 2 clinical trial. Meanwhile, another secretin family peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is gaining interest as a potential new target.
  • 417
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nitrous Oxide Abuse
The recreational use of nitrous oxide (N2O), also called laughing gas, has increased significantly in recent years. In 2022, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) recognized it as one of the most prevalent psychoactive substances used in Europe. Chronic nitrous oxide (N2O) exposure can lead to various clinical manifestations. The most frequent symptoms are neurological (sensitive or motor disorders), but there are also other manifestations like psychiatric manifestations or cardiovascular disorders (thrombosis events). N2O also affects various neurotransmitter systems, leading to its anesthetic, analgesic, anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. N2O is very challenging to measure in biological matrices. Thus, in cases of N2O intoxication, indirect biomarkers such as vitamin B12, plasma homocysteine and plasma MMA should be explored for diagnosis and assessment. 
  • 413
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Genetic and Transcriptomic Biomarkers
Neurodegenerative diseases are etiologically and clinically heterogeneous conditions, often reflecting a spectrum of disease rather than well-defined disorders. 
  • 411
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Primary Lateral Sclerosis
Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder which causes the selective deterioration of the upper motor neurons (UMNs), sparing the lower motor neuron (LMN) system. The clinical course is defined by a progressive motor disability due to muscle spasticity which typically involves lower extremities and bulbar muscles. Although classically considered a sporadic disease, some familiar cases and possible causative genes have been reported. Despite it having been recognized as a rare but distinct entity, whether it actually represents an extreme end of the motor neuron diseases continuum is still an open issue. The main knowledge gap is the lack of specific biomarkers to improve the clinical diagnostic accuracy. Indeed, the diagnostic imprecision, together with some uncertainty about overlap with UMN-predominant ALS and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP), has become an obstacle to the development of specific therapeutic trials.
  • 407
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) belongs to the body of thrombotic microangiopathies, a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by a triad of features: thrombocytopenia, mechanical hemolytic anemia with schistocytosis, and ischemic organ damage. It is caused by gastrointestinal infection by a Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (and occasionally other pathogens) and is also called “typical” HUS, as opposed to “atypical” HUS, which results from alternative complement pathway dysregulation, and “secondary” HUS, caused by various co-existing conditions.
  • 401
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Traumatic Axonal Injury in Concussion
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) indicates the tearing of axons by indirect shearing forces during acceleration, deceleration, and rotation of the brain or direct head trauma. Since the 1960s, histopathological ones after autopsy have revealed TAI in patients with concussion who died from other causes. The diagnosis of TAI in live patients with concussion is limited because conventional brain MRI is not sensitive to detecting TAI in concussion.
  • 400
  • 02 Jun 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 14
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback