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Khan, A. Music Intervention on Dementia. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/9169 (accessed on 16 November 2024).
Khan A. Music Intervention on Dementia. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/9169. Accessed November 16, 2024.
Khan, Arshia. "Music Intervention on Dementia" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/9169 (accessed November 16, 2024).
Khan, A. (2021, April 28). Music Intervention on Dementia. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/9169
Khan, Arshia. "Music Intervention on Dementia." Encyclopedia. Web. 28 April, 2021.
Music Intervention on Dementia
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/neurolint13010001

Dementia is an umbrella term for several progressive diseases such as Alzheimer’s that affect memory, language, problem-solving, and the individual’s thinking ability, which interfere with their daily living activities. People living with dementia (PWD) usually face social and communication interaction problems, which negatively impacts on their lives and the people around them.

dementia music music intervention

1. Introduction

There are various kinds of therapy methods for managing dementia symptoms: pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Although evidence shows that pharmacological therapy can delay and somewhat control behavioral disorders in PWD, it cannot cure dementia [1]. Some popular non-pharmacological therapies are pet therapy [2], robot therapy [3], reminiscence therapy [4], aromatherapy [5], occupational therapy [6], massage and touch therapy [7], doll therapy [8], light therapy [9], and creative arts therapies (music, dance-movement, and drama)[10]. Music interventions are categorized as ’music medicine’ when individuals listen to pre-recorded music that is offered by medical personnel [11]. In contrast, music therapy is clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program [12]. Unlike drug therapy, applying music as a treatment approach usually does not have any side effects. For this reason, many physicians and caregivers promote and encourage music therapy, or music intervention as a beneficial and alternative treatment method for dementia [13]. Although using music as a treatment approach cannot cure dementia symptoms, it can reduce the symptoms [14]. Even with advanced dementia—when PWD have severe problems with judgment, planning, reasoning, speech, and language— their responses to music are undeniable, and its impact can last for hours or even days [15].

2. Benefits of Music Treatment for People Living with Dementia 

Several physiological and psychosomatic benefits of music have been mentioned in the literature.

  • Biological/physiological: The physiological effect of music helps to balance vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and hormone levels [16][17].
  • Behavioral and psychological: The psychological effects of music help to reduce mood fluctuations and behavioral disorders such as depression, agitation, and aggression [18][19][20].
  • Cognitive: Music also boosts communication skills, the quality of life, well-being, intimacy, memory, self and environmental awareness, the ability to distinguish between the surroundings and moments of the day, and managing pain [21][22]. Among all music advantages, some of the most important ones are enhancement in language skills, verbal and non-verbal expressions, improvement of social activity and communication, raising cognitive levels, and self-awareness [18][23]. PWD who have verbal communication problems can benefit from music as a non-verbal communication solution to express themselves without inhibitions.
  • Emotional: Music engages the individual’s attention (apathy) and helps them enjoy their life, improves their self-esteem, and communication, which leads to improvement in behavior [24]. People living with dementia who listened to their favorite music were observed to have a decrease in stress level and an increase in relaxation and happiness [25].

To retain the music benefits, people with dementia need to receive regular music treatment, which is approximately two to three times a week [26]. Overall, studies from the last 10 years have shown improvement in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of PWD through music treatment approaches, resulting in a better quality of life and wellbeing (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Benefits of music treatment for people living with dementia (PWD).

 

References

  1. Prasad, D. The Impact of Music Therapy on the Cognitive, Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia: A Literature Review; Arts and Sciences Program Level IV; McMaster University: Hamilton, ON, Canada, 2019. [Google Scholar]
  2. Sabanovic, S.; Bennett, C.C.; Chang, W.-L.; Huber, L. PARO robot affects diverse interaction modalities in group sensory therapy for older adults with dementia. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR), Seattle, WA, USA, 24–26 June 2013; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
  3. Lai, N.M.; Chang, S.M.W.; Ng, S.S.; Tan, S.L.; Chaiyakunapruk, N.; Stanaway, F. Animal-assisted therapy for Dementia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Woods, B.; O’Philbin, L.; Farrell, E.M.; Spector, A.E.; Orrell, M. Reminiscence therapy for Dementia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Forrester, L.T.; Maayan, N.; Orrell, M.; Spector, A.E.; Buchan, L.D.; Soares-Weiser, K. Aromatherapy for Dementia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Nakamae, T.; Yotsumoto, K.; Tatsumi, E.; Hashimoto, T. Effects of Productive Activities with Reminiscence in Occupational Therapy for People with Dementia: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study. Hong Kong J. Occup. Ther. 2014, 24, 13–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Wu, J.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Z. The effectiveness of massage and touch on behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: A quantitative systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Adv. Nurs. 2017, 73, 2283–2295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Mitchell, G.; O’Donnell, H. The therapeutic use of doll therapy in dementia. Br. J. Nurs. 2013, 22, 329–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Forbes, D.A.; Blake, C.M.; Thiessen, E.J.; Peacock, S.; Hawranik, P. Light therapy for improving cognition, activities of daily living, sleep, challenging behaviour, and psychiatric disturbances in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Deshmukh, S.R.; Holmes, J.; Cardno, A. Art therapy for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2018, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Bradt, J.; Dileo, C. Music interventions for mechanically ventilated patients. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014, 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Available online: https://www.musictherapy.org/about/musictherapy/ (accessed on 18 October 2020).
  13. Fang, R.; Ye, S.; Huangfu, J.; Calimag, D.P. Music therapy is a potential intervention for cognition of Alzheimer’s Disease: A mini-review. Transl. Neurodegener. 2017, 6, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Abrams, B.; Wigram, T.; Pedersen, I.N.; Bonde, L.O. (2002). A comprehensive guide to music therapy: Theory, clinical practice, research and training. London: Jessica Kingsley. 384 pages. ISBN 1-84310-083-5. Music. Ther. Perspect. 2003, 21, 51–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Devere, R. Music and Dementia: An overview. Pract. Neurol. 2017, 16, 32–35. [Google Scholar]
  16. Raglio, A.; Filippi, S.; Bellandi, D.; Stramba-Badiale, M. Global music approach to persons with dementia: Evidence and practice. Clin. Interv. Aging 2014, 9, 1669–1676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Vink, A.; Zuidersma, M.; Boersma, F.; De Jonge, P.; Zuidema, S.U.; Slaets, J.P.J. The effect of music therapy compared with general recreational activities in reducing agitation in people with dementia: A randomised controlled trial. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2012, 28, 1031–1038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Blackburn, R.; Bradshaw, T. Music therapy for service users with dementia: A critical review of the literature. J. Psychiatr. Ment. Heal. Nurs. 2014, 21, 879–888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Petrovsky, D.; Cacchione, P.Z.; George, M. Review of the effect of music interventions on symptoms of anxiety and depression in older adults with mild dementia. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2015, 27, 1661–1670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Garrido, S.; Dunne, L.; Chang, E.; Perz, J.; Stevens, C.J.; Haertsch, M. The Use of Music Playlists for People with Dementia: A Critical Synthesis. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 2017, 60, 1129–1142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Beard, R.L. Art therapies and Dementia care: A systematic review. Dementia 2011, 11, 633–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. King, J.B.; Jones, K.G.; Goldberg, E.; Rollins, M.; MacNamee, K.; Moffit, C.; Naidu, S.R.; Ferguson, M.A.; Garcia-Leavitt, E.; Amaro, J.; et al. Increased Functional Connectivity After Listening to Favored Music in Adults with Alzheimer’s Dementia. J. Prev. Alzheimer’s Dis. JPAD 2019, 6, 56–62. [Google Scholar]
  23. McDermott, O.; Crellin, N.; Ridder, H.M.O.; Orrell, M. Music therapy in dementia: A narrative synthesis systematic review. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2013, 28, 781–794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Chancellor, B.; Duncan, A.; Chatterjee, A. Art Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 2014, 39, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Hanser, S.B.; Butterfield-Whitcomb, J.; Kawata, M.; Collins, B.E. Home-based music strategies with individuals who have dementia and their family caregivers. J. Music. Ther. 2011, 48, 2–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Tomaino, C.M. Meeting the Complex Needs of Indivi
  27. Tomaino, C.M. Meeting the Complex Needs of Indivi
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Subjects: Clinical Neurology
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Arshia Khan
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