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Topic Review
HIV-1M
The Congo Basin region is believed to be the site of the cross-species transmission event that yielded HIV-1 group M (HIV-1M). It is thus likely that the virus has been present and evolving in the region since that cross-species transmission. 
  • 734
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Fibrinogen-Thrombin-Impregnated Collagen Patch
Surgery for major salivary gland tumors, including parotidectomy, is routinely performed by head and neck surgeons.
  • 730
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
STAT3 Enhances Sensitivity of Glioblastoma to Cell Death
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain cancer in adults. One reason for the development and malignancy of this tumor is the misregulation of certain cellular proteins. The oncoprotein Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT3) that is frequently overactive in glioblastoma cells is associated with more aggressive disease and decreased patient survival. Autophagy is a form of cellular self digestion that normally maintains cell integrity and provides nutrients and basic building blocks required for growth. While glioblastoma is known to be particularly resistant to conventional therapies, recent research has suggested that these tumors are more sensitive to excessive overactivation of autophagy, leading to autophagy-dependent tumor cell death.
  • 729
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
MSCs and Their Derivates for Osteochondral Regeneration
Healing of articular cartilage defects presents a challenging issue, due to its regenerative shortcomings. Lacking vascularity and innervation of cartilage and low proliferative potential of chondrocytes are the main reasons for the limited healing potential of articular cartilage. Traditional reparative approaches are limited in their efficiency, hence there is a demand for novel reparative treatments. Mesenchymal stromal cells, preferred for clinical uses, can be readily derived from various sources and have been proven to have a therapeutic effect on cartilage and subchondral bone.
  • 726
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Macrophage Polarization for Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a low-grade inflammatory disorder of the joints that causes deterioration of the cartilage, bone remodeling, formation of osteophytes, meniscal damage, and synovial inflammation (synovitis). The synovium is the primary site of inflammation in OA and is frequently characterized by hyperplasia of the synovial lining and infiltration of inflammatory cells, primarily macrophages. Macrophages play a crucial role in the early inflammatory response through the production of several inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteinases. These pro-inflammatory mediators are activators of numerous signaling pathways that trigger other cytokines to further recruit more macrophages to the joint, ultimately leading to pain and disease progression. Very few therapeutic alternatives are available for treating inflammation in OA due to the condition’s low self-healing capacity and the lack of clear diagnostic biomarkers. Researchers opted to explore the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their paracrine mediators-dependent as a therapeutic intervention for OA, with a primary focus on the practicality of polarizing macrophages as suppression of M1 macrophages and enhancement of M2 macrophages can significantly reduce OA symptoms.
  • 724
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) respond to the characteristics of their surrounding microenvironment, i.e., their extracellular matrix (ECM). The possibility of mimicking the ECM offers the opportunity to elicit specific cell behaviors. The control of surface properties of a biomaterial at the scale level of the components of the ECM has the potential to effectively modulate cell response. Ordered nanoscale silicon pillar arrays were fabricated using reverse micelles of block copolymers on full wafers, with standard deviations lower than 15%. Bioactive synthetic peptides were covalently grafted on nanoarrays to evaluate possible synergies between chemistry and topography on osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Functionalization with RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) and BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2) mimetic peptides lead to an enhancement of osteogenic differentiation. Bare nanopillar arrays of reduced pitch were found to promote faster hMSC differentiation. These findings highlight the relevance of investigating possibilities of engineering in vitro systems which can be fine-tuned according to the envisaged cell response. 
  • 716
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Organoids in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) has been known as the most prevalent cancer disease and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men almost all over the globe. There is an urgent need for establishment of PCa models that can recapitulate the progress of genomic landscapes and molecular alterations during development and progression of this disease. Notably, several organoid models have been developed for assessing the complex interaction between PCa and its surrounding microenvironment. PCa organoids have been emerged as powerful in vitro 3D model systems that recapitulate the molecular features (such as genomic/epigenomic changes and tumor microenvironment) of PCa metastatic tumors. In addition, application of organoid technology in mechanistic studies (i.e., for understanding cellular/subcellular and molecular alterations) and translational medicine has been recognized as a promising approach for facilitating the development of potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies.
  • 711
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration
Articular cartilage defects commonly result from trauma and are associated with significant morbidity. Since cartilage is an avascular, aneural, and alymphatic tissue with a poor intrinsic healing ability, the regeneration of functional hyaline cartilage remains a difficult clinical problem. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with multilineage differentiation potential, including the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes. Due to their availability and ease of ex vivo expansion, clinicians are increasingly applying MSCs in the treatment of cartilage lesions.
  • 710
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Application of Nanocellulose-Based Aerogels in BTE
Based on the principles of biology and engineering, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been widely used to construct substitutes for repairing and improving bone function. The skeletal system is a highly mineralized, vascularized, and connective tissue, which provides significant mechanical strength, fracture toughness, and weight-bearing capacity to protect internal organs. An ideal bone substitute should mimic the microstructure of natural bone tissue and provide a biological environment for bone regeneration and tissue repair. Furthermore, the design and preparation of hybrid nanocellulose hydrogels should fully understand the structure and composition of natural bone tissue.
  • 696
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Human Amnion Epithelial Cells
hAECs were isolated from human placentas, and dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and dentin matrix proteins (eDMPs) were obtained from human teeth. Both hAECs and hDPSCs were cultured with 10% FBS, eDMPs and an osteogenic differentiation medium (StemPro). Viability was assessed by MTT and cell adherence to dentin was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy.
  • 690
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering Advances
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has emerged as a novel approach to guided bone tissue regeneration. BTE focuses on in vitro manipulations with seed cells, growth factors and bioactive scaffolds using bioreactors. The successful clinical translation of BTE requires overcoming a number of significant challenges.
  • 690
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Integrating Signaling Pathways in Design of Smart Hydrogels
Hydrogel biomaterials have been employed to facilitate the process of vascularization. These materials are designed to provide a supportive environment for the growth and development of blood vessels. By incorporating specific cues and factors, hydrogel biomaterials can effectively promote angiogenesis, allowing for the formation of a functional vascular network. The properties of hydrogels, such as their biocompatibility and tunable physical characteristics, make them suitable for creating a conducive microenvironment that supports vascular cell proliferation, migration, and organization. Through careful design and optimization, hydrogel biomaterials hold promise in advancing strategies for successful vascularization in various biomedical applications. Numerous hydrogel culture platforms are available, offering a variety of options for tissue growth. 
  • 688
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cell Behavioral Dynamics in Pluripotent Stem Cells Bioprocessing
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are important for future regenerative medicine therapies. However, in the production of PSCs and derivatives, the control of culture-induced fluctuations in the outcome of cell quality remains challenging. A detailed mechanistic understanding of how PSC behaviors are altered in response to biomechanical microenvironments within a culture is necessary for rational bioprocessing optimization.
  • 681
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cardiac Telocytes in Heart Disease
A cell population called telocytes (TCs) described only 16 years ago largely contributed to the research area of cardiovascular regeneration. TCs are cells with small bodies and extremely long cytoplasmic projections called telopodes, described in all layers of the heart wall.
  • 680
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are receiving much attention in the field of tissue regeneration. They can be differentiated into any cell type in the human body and subsequently developed into heterogeneous tissues or organs in vitro for implantation. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease are types of neurodegenrative conditions resulting in which the build up of harmful protein aggregates leads to neural cell death. IPSC technology offers promise for in vitro modeling pathophysiology and the treatment of these diseases.
  • 676
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Full-Thickness Skin Regeneration
The process of full-thickness skin regeneration is complex and has many parameters involved, which makes it difficult to use a single dressing to meet the various requirements of the complete regeneration at the same time. Therefore, developing hydrogel dressings with multifunction, including tunable rheological properties and aperture, hemostatic, antibacterial and super cytocompatibility, is a desirable candidate in wound healing.
  • 672
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Translational Immuno-Oncology Research with Organoids
As the complexity of tumour microenvironment (TME) has called for more sophisticated human-based tumour models, organoids have allowed the dynamic study of spatiotemporal interactions between tumour cells and individual TME cell types. Here, the researchers discuss how organoids can study the TME across cancers and how these features may improve precision I/O. 
  • 671
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Biological Materials for Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts
The clinical demand for tissue-engineered vascular grafts is still rising, and there are many challenges that need to be overcome to obtain functional grafts with appropriate biological and mechanical properties. The many advances made in cell culture, biomaterials, manufacturing techniques, and tissue engineering methods have led to various promising solutions for vascular graft production, and materials from natural sources have recently gained more attention for vascular tissue engineering, as new strategies have been developed to solve the disadvantages related to their use.
  • 671
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
CAR NK Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma
Melanoma is among the most lethal forms of cancer, accounting for 80% of deaths despite comprising just 5% of skin cancer cases. Treatment options remain limited due to the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms associated with melanoma heterogeneity that underlie the rapid development of secondary drug resistance. For this reason, the development of novel treatments remains paramount to the improvement of patient outcomes. Although the advent of chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapies has led to many clinical successes for hematological malignancies, these treatments are limited in their utility by their immune-induced side effects and a high risk of systemic toxicities. CAR natural killer (CAR-NK) cell immunotherapies are a particularly promising alternative to CAR-T cell immunotherapies, as they offer a more favorable safety profile and have the capacity for fine-tuned cytotoxic activity. 
  • 668
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Bioprinting on Pathological Liver Models
Significant progress has been made in liver tissue engineering through the use of 3D bioprinting technology. This technology offers the ability to create personalized biological structures with precise geometric design capabilities. The complex and multifaceted nature of liver diseases underscores the need for advanced technologies to accurately mimic the physiological and mechanical characteristics, as well as organ-level functions, of liver tissue in vitro. Bioprinting stands out as a superior option over traditional two-dimensional cell culture models and animal models due to its stronger biomimetic advantages.
  • 665
  • 17 May 2023
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