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Topic Review
Post-Intensive Care Syndrome in Pediatrics
Post-intensive care syndrome in pediatrics (PICs-P) means that survivors of pediatric critical illness may experience a constellation of physical, emotional, cognitive, and social impairments. The spectrum of PICs-P manifestations within each domain are heterogeneous. This is attributed to the wide age and developmental diversity of children admitted to PICUs and the high prevalence of chronic complex conditions. PICs-P recovery follows variable trajectories based on numerous patient, family, and environmental factors. Those who improve tend to do so within less than a year of discharge. A small proportion, however, may actually worsen over time. There are many gaps in our current understanding of PICs-P. A unified approach to screening, preventing, and treating PICs-P-related morbidity has been hindered by disparate research methodology.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Polymeric Biomaterials and Lubricants
With increasing environmental concerns and the depletion of petroleum resources, the development of lubricant additives from bioresources has attracted much attention recently. In this entry, a few polymers and polymer composites are reported, which are synthesized from vegetable oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil, rice bran oil, and castor oil) and used as multifunctional additives in the formulation of eco-friendly lubricant compositions. We mentioned the preparation of vegetable oil-based homo- and copolymers and their characterization by different spectral techniques (FTIR/NMR). 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Antigens for Influenza Vaccine
Traditional influenza vaccines generate strain-specific antibodies which cannot provide protection against divergent influenza virus strains. Further, due to frequent antigenic shifts and drift of influenza viruses, annual reformulation and revaccination are required in order to match circulating strains. Thus, the development of a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) is critical for long-term protection against all seasonal influenza virus strains, as well as to provide protection against a potential pandemic virus. One of the most important strategies in the development of UIVs is the selection of optimal targeting antigens to generate broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive T cell responses against divergent influenza virus strains. However, each type of target antigen for UIVs has advantages and limitations for the generation of sufficient immune responses against divergent influenza viruses.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Smoke Extraction System
Smoke extraction systems, either static with natural ventilation, or dynamic with mechanical ventilation are required to keep smoke layer at high levels in many tall atria. It is observed that a design fire with high heat release rate (HRR) is commonly used for designing natural vents, but a low HRR is used for mechanical ventilation system. This will not produce a sustainable environment. A sustainable smoke extraction system is proposed by combining natural and mechanical ventilation.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Skin Microbiome
Our body is home to a complex community of microorganisms that help us maintain homeostasis and prevent colonization from pathogens. This residential community is known as the microbiota (often incorrectly used as a synonym for microbiome), referring to all the microorganisms, including archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes (fungi and yeasts, protists), viruses, and bacteriophages that colonize and inhabit a specific niche of our body. Instead, the microbiome describes the entire set of genomes and microbial genes found in a specific microbiota. The human skin microbiota is essential for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring barrier functions. Over the years, the characterization of its composition and taxonomic diversity has reached outstanding goals, with more than 10 million bacterial genes collected and cataloged.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
RNA-Dependent RNA-Polymerase (RdRp)
RdRp is an attractive target for developing therapies for COVID-19 as it plays a crucial role in the replication of SARS-CoV-2 (Scheme 1) and is well conserved between coronaviruses (RNA viruses).
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Medical Applications of Metallic Bismuth Nanoparticles
In the diagnostic field, preclinical proofs of concept have been demonstrated for X-ray, photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging. In the therapeutic field, several preclinical studies have shown the potential of bismuth nanoparticles as X-ray radiosensitizers for use in radiotherapy and as photothermal agents for applications in near infrared phototherapy.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in People with Visual Impairment
People with a visual impairment appear to have an increased risk of experiencing potentially traumatizing life events and possibly also subsequently developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Lysosomes in Maintaining Stem Cell Quiescence
Lysosomes are a critical component of the inner membrane system and are involved in various cellular biological processes, including macromolecular degradation, antigen presentation, intracellular pathogen destruction, plasma membrane repair, exosome release, cell adhesion/migration, and apoptosis. Lysosomes are a critical regulator of cellular metabolism, cancer, metastasis, and resistance to anticancer therapy. Additionally, lysosomal activities play a crucial role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) development and progression, as well as maintaining the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) pool. It has been shown that AML cells undergo metabolic alterations due to chemotherapy or targeted treatment.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Resistivity Logging Progress of Marine Gas Hydrate
Marine gas hydrate has accumulated special characteristics, such as greater water depth, non-diagenesis, and irregular and uneven distribution. These characteristics lead to great challenges in gas hydrate evaluation and exploitation. The free gas layer is often developed below the bottom boundary of the submarine hydrate stability zone.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Optimizing Buildings’ Life Cycle Performance
The main considerations in the early stage of architectural design are usually related to form and function. At the same time, with the growing concern regarding energy saving and carbon emission reduction, the parameters for the construction and physical quality of buildings are receiving more attention at the conceptual and schematic design stages. Diverse design options can emerge with the large number of variables to be considered in these stages. Moreover, the combined efforts to reduce buildings’ life cycle environmental impacts and cost, as well as the non-linear and often tradeoff relationship between the two objectives, make finding optimal design solutions for buildings’ life cycle performance complicated. Previous studies have established workflows to optimize buildings’ life cycle energy consumption, GWP and/or cost; however, architectural design diversity has not been sufficiently discussed at the same time. A parametric optimization design process is established, aiming at minimizing the building’s operational energy consumption, life cycle environmental impacts, and life cycle cost here. The setting of variables, as well as the workflows of the optimization process, is discussed from the perspective of both life cycle performance and architectural design diversity.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Monitoring
In order to protect traditional agricultural systems of global importance, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) launched an initiative for the conservation of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in 2002. After nearly two decades of development, the number of GIAHS has increased from the initial 5 in 2005 to the current 65 in 22 countries around the world. Despite the remarkable increase in the number of GIAHS, many countries are now facing the difficult task of dynamic conservation and adaptive management of GIAHS. As an important element of heritage management, monitoring plays an important role in improving the level of heritage management. Scientific and effective monitoring can not only achieve the conservation of the heritage itself and the maintenance of its value, but also the sustainable development of the heritage site.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Equine Influenza Virus
Equine influenza is a highly contagious disease caused by the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), which is endemically distributed throughout the world. It infects equids, and interspecies transmission to dogs has been reported. The H3N8 Florida lineage, which is divided into clades 1 and 2, is the most representative lineage in the Americas. The EIV infects the respiratory system, affecting the ciliated epithelial cells and preventing the elimination of foreign bodies and substances. Certain factors related to the disease, such as an outdated vaccination plan, age, training, and close contact with other animals, favor the presentation of equine influenza.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cyber Security Awareness
Cyber security awareness refers to how much end-users know about the cyber security threats their networks face, the risks they introduce and mitigating security best practices to guide their behavior. End users are considered the weakest link and the primary vulnerability within a network. Since end-users are a major vulnerability, technical means to improve security are not enough. Organizations could also seek to reduce the risk of the human element (end users). This could be accomplished by providing security best practice guidance for end users' awareness of cyber security. Employees could be taught about common threats and how to avoid or mitigate them.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Interaction among Substances in Buckwheat Groats
Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) originates in mountain regions of Western China, and is cultivated in China, Bhutan, Northern India, Nepal, and Central Europe. The content of flavonoids in Tartary buckwheat grain and groats is much higher than in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), and depends on ecological conditions, such as UV-B radiation. Buckwheat intake has preventative effects in chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity, due to its content of bioactive substances. The main bioactive compounds in Tartary buckwheat groats are flavonoids (rutin and quercetin). There are differences in the bioactivities of buckwheat groats obtained using different husking technologies, based on husking raw or pretreated grain. Husking hydrothermally pretreated grain is among the traditional ways of consuming buckwheat grain in Europe and some parts of China and Japan.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Technique
Molecular cytogenetics, and particularly the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, allows a deeper investigation on the chromosomes of domestic animals to  perform various results such as (a) the physical map of DNA-sequences of specific chromosome regions; (b) the use of molecular markes to confirm or to correctly identify the chromosomes involved in chromosome abnormalities, (c) the detailed comparison between related and unrelated species by both FISH-mapping or Zoo-FISH; (d) the study of meiotic segregation, especially by sperm-FISH, in some chromosome abnormalities; (e) the establishment of genetic losses or gains occurring during the chromosome abnormalities by using the aCGH (array Comparative Genomic Hybridization).
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Fluorescent Protein-Based Metal Biosensors
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are optical probes that are used to track the functions of genetically encoded target molecules in molecular and cellular biology. FPs have intrinsic photophysical properties generated by the chromophore and its surrounding amino acid sequences. The intensity of the fluorescence emission of FPs can be changed using external factors such as pH or metal ions.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Electromagnetic Fields Radiated by Electrostatic Discharges
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a physical phenomenon that may destroy electronic components due to its high discharge current that may reach a few amperes in just a few ns. However, another major aspect of ESD is the related high-frequency electromagnetic (E/M) fields radiated by the ESD event. The electronic equipment that is affected by the ESD phenomenon is additionally affected by the induced voltages caused by these E/M fields. This is the reason that the current version of the IEC 61000-4-2 on ESD has a special reference to these fields and the measurement setup. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Blockchain Integration in Vehicle-to-Everything and IoT for Transportation
As smart transportation systems evolve, secure and efficient Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication between vehicles and infrastructure becomes crucial. A Vehicle-to-Blockchain (V2B) communication architecture is introduced, leveraging blockchain technology for transparent and decentralized interactions. Researchers' contributes to the integration of blockchain into V2X and IoT for next-generation transportation systems. Researchers propose several novel blockchain use cases, including a blockchain-based vehicle ownership system based on the multi-token standard, a vehicle scoring system, blockchain-IoT integration, and a decentralized ticket management system for transportation services. The architecture addresses key aspects such as data integration, validity, secure messaging, and introduces a decentralized payment system and marketplace for transportation in smart cities. Researchers specifically emphasize the technical implementation of smart contracts for these use cases, underscoring their role in ensuring robust and reliable interactions. Through decentralized approach, researchers pave the way for a transformative transportation ecosystem that is adaptable, resilient, and capable of meeting the evolving needs of smart cities.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Versatile OpenHAB IoT Testbed
This research presents the design and implementation of a versatile IoT testbed utilizing the openHAB platform, along with various wireless interfaces, including Z-Wave, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, 4G-LTE (Long-Term Evolution), and IR (Infrared Radiation), and an array of sensors for motion, temperature, luminance, humidity, vibration, UV (ultraviolet), and energy consumption.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Aug 2023
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