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Topic Review
Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep
NREM is important part of the human sleep, and non-pharmacological interventions (acoustic, visual and other stimulations during sleep) are elaborated to modulate it. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 May 2020
Topic Review
Asthma and Lung Cancer
A large gap still exists in our knowledge of the effects of dietary supplements on lung cancer risk/mortality in asthmatic smokers and nonsmokers. There is a lack of reliable studies for detecting such an effect says a researcher in the journal Nutrients [1]. The researcher undertook a comprehensive review of studies on the topic, and is now calling for trials and studies of these supplements to detect their benefits and harms. The best way to reduce lung cancer risk is to get those at greatest risk of lung cancer (active and passive smokers, particularly those with asthma) to stop smoking or reduce exposure to tobacco smoke. In industrial societies, airborne environmental pollutants are also risk factors. [1] Alsharairi, N. The effects of dietary supplements on Asthma and Lung Cancer risk in smokers and non-smokers: A review of the literature. Nutrients, 2019, 11, 725.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Silver Nanoparticles as Anti-Infectious Regents
Silver is easily available and known to have microbicidal effect with wide antibacterial spectrum due to its silver ions mainly; moreover, it does not impose any adverse effects on the human body. Furthermore, the development of multidrug-resistant bacteria, as in the case of antibiotics, is less likely. Recently, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been synthesized and revealed its anti-viral activity. Because of their characteristics, Ag NPs are useful countermeasures against infectious diseases, which constitute a major issue in the medical field. Therefore, Ag NPs could expect to apply to materials preventing healthcare workers (HCWs), not only patient, from various infection.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Modelling, Measuring, Visualising Community Resilience
       The concept of community resilience receives much attention in studies and applications due to its ability to provide preparedness against hazards, to protect our life against risks, and to recover to stable living conditions. Nevertheless, community resilience is complex, contextual, multifaceted, and therefore hard to define, recognise, and operationalise. An essential advantage of having a complete process for community resilience is the capacity to be aware of and respond appropriately in times of adversity. A three-step process constituting of modelling, measurement, and visualisation is crucial to determine components, to assess value, and to represent information of community resilience, respectively. The goal of this review is to offer a general overview of multiple perspectives for modelling, measuring, and visualising community resilience derived from related and emerging studies, projects, and tools. By engaging throughout the entire process, which involves three sequential steps as we mentioned above, communities can discover important components of resilience, optimise available local and natural resources, and mitigate the impact of impairments effectively and efficiently.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
TNXB Gene
Tenascin XB: The TNXB gene provides instructions for making a protein called tenascin-X.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids have a role to play in sports performance! Optimal dose and duration for supplementation may differ between athletes and amateurs. Omega-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentanoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are receiving increasing attention in sports nutrition. While the usual focus is that of athletes, questions remain if the different training status between athletes and amateurs influences the response to EPA/DHA, and as to whether amateurs would benefit from EPA/DHA supplementation.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by an abnormal hepatic lipid accumulation accompanied by a necro-inflammatory process and a fibrotic response.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Gut Development and Piglets
During the prenatal, neonatal, and weaning periods, the porcine gastrointestinal tract undergoes several morpho-functional, changes together with substantial modification of the microbial ecosystem. Modifications of the overall structure of the small intestine also occur, as well as a rapid increase of the volume, mainly in the last period of gestation: intestinal villi, starting from jejunum, appears shortly before the sixth week of gestation, and towards the end of the third month, epithelial cells diversify into enterocytes, goblet cells, endocrine, and Paneth cells. Moreover, in the neonatal period, colostrum induces an increase in intestinal weight, absorptive area, and brush border enzyme activities: intestine doubles its weight and increases the length by 30% within three days of birth. 
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The HPA Axis and Dreaming
This is an overview of research on dream recall/affect and of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, discussing caveats regarding the action of hormones of the HPA axis (mainly cortisol and its free form, cortisol-binding globulin and glucocorticoid receptors). Results of studies regarding dream recall/affect and the HPA axis under physiological (such as waking) or pathological conditions (such as in Cushing’s syndrome or stressful situations) are presented.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Helicobacter pylori and Respiratory Diseases
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium involved in the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Unexplained iron deficiency anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and vitamin B12 deficiency have also been related to H. pylori infection, whereas for other extra-gastric diseases, the debate is still open. In this entry, we evaluate and discuss the potential involvement of H. pylori infection in the pathogenesis of several respiratory diseases.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Heterocyclic NO-Donors
In a series of known structural classes capable of NO release, heterocyclic NO-donors are of special importance due to their increased hydrolytic stability and low toxicity. It is no wonder that synthetic and biochemical investigations of heterocyclic NO-donors have emerged significantly in recent years. In this review, we summarized recent advances in the synthesis, reactivity and biomedical applications of promising heterocyclic NO-donors (furoxans, sydnone imines, pyridazine dioxides, azasydnones).
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Inositols Application
Myo-inositol (myo-Ins) and D-chiro-inositol (D-chiro-Ins) are natural compounds involved in many biological pathways. Since the discovery of their involvement in endocrine signal transduction, myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins supplementation has contributed to clinical approaches in ameliorating many gynecological and endocrinological diseases.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Regulation of Hedgehog Signal Transduction
The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins governs embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis in species ranging from insects to mammals. Deregulation of Hh pathway activity has been implicated in a wide range of human disorders, including congenital diseases and cancer. Hh exerts its biological influence through a conserved signaling pathway. Binding of Hh to its receptor Patched (Ptc), a twelve-span transmembrane protein, leads to activation of an atypical GPCR family protein and Hh signal transducer Smoothened (Smo), which then signals downstream to activate the latent Cubitus interruptus (Ci)/Gli family of transcription factors. Hh signal transduction is regulated by ubiquitination and deubiquitination at multiple steps along the pathway including regulation of Ptc, Smo and Ci/Gli proteins. 
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Dual Cycle Development Pattern
China has proposed a dual cycle development pattern. The dual cycle is primarily based on the domestic large-scale cycle. Under the circumstance of high uncertainty in the external environment, the domestic industrial base is strong, the industrial chain is complete, and the strategic maneuvering space is large. The characteristics of the super large market scale, smooth production, distribution, circulation, consumption, and other aspects of economic operation promote the realization of internal self-circulation, including supply and demand circulation, industrial circulation, regional circulation, urban and rural circulation, and factor circulation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Biomaterial
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has become a useful polymeric biomaterial due to its superior properties and has been increasingly used in dentistry, especially in prosthetic dentistry and dental implantology. Promising applications of PEEK in dentistry are dental implants, temporary abutment, implant-supported provisional crowns, fixed prosthesis, removable denture framework, and finger prosthesis. PEEK as a long-term provisional implant restoration has not been studied much. 
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lake-Level Fluctuations
Recent decades of warmer climate have brought drying wetlands and falling lake levels to southern Alaska. These recent changes can be placed into a longer-term context of postglacial lake-level fluctuations that include low stands that were as much as 7 m lower than present at eight lakes on the Kenai Lowland. Closed-basin lakes on the Kenai Lowland are typically ringed with old shorelines, usually as wave-cut scarps, cut several meters above modern lake levels; the scarps formed during deglaciation at 25–19 ka in a kettle moraine topography on the western Kenai Lowland. These high-water stands were followed by millennia of low stands, when closed-basin lake levels were drawn down by 5–10 m or more. Peat cores from satellite fens near or adjoining the eight closed-basin lakes show that a regional lake level rise was underway by at least 13.4 ka. At Jigsaw Lake, a detailed study of 23 pairs of overlapping sediment cores, seismic profiling, macrofossil analysis, and 58 AMS radiocarbon dates reveal rapidly rising water levels at 9–8 ka that caused large slabs of peat to slough off and sink to the lake bottom.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Universal Intelligence for Sustainability
Artificial intelligence (AI), as a product of biological intelligence, is a technological tool based on data and the information-processing power of discrete machines that carry out a series of interdependent operations to generate and store discrete data and information, using discrete, finite, and closed algorithms. In turn, the concept of sustainability is increasingly considered an almost essential component of discourses designed to support and justify decision-making at all levels of human activities.  The strong and functional couplings among ecological, economic, social, and technological processes explain the complexification of human-made systems, and phenomena such as globalization, climate change, the increased urbanization and inequality of human societies, and the power of information, and the COVID-19 syndemic. Sustainability for complex systems implies enough efficiency to explore and exploit their dynamic phase spaces and enough flexibility to coevolve with their environments. This means solving intractable nonlinear semi-structured dynamic multi-objective optimization problems, with conflicting, incommensurable, non-cooperative objectives and purposes, under dynamic uncertainty, restricted access to materials, energy, and information, and a given time horizon. Given the high stakes; the need for effective, efficient, diverse solutions; their local and global, and present and future effects; and their unforeseen short-, medium-, and long-term impacts; achieving sustainable complex systems implies the need for Sustainability-designed Universal Intelligent Agents (SUIAs). The proposed philosophical and technological SUIAs will be heuristic devices for harnessing the strong functional coupling between human, artificial, and nonhuman biological intelligence in a non-zero-sum game to achieve sustainability.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Ultrafast Fiber Technologies for Compact Laser Wake Field
Technologies, performances and maturity of ultrafast fiber lasers and fiber delivery of ultrafast pulses are used for the medical deployment of laser-wake-field acceleration (LWFA). The compact ultrafast fiber lasers produce intense laser pulses with flexible hollow-core fiber delivery to facilitate electron acceleration in the laser-stimulated wake field near treatment site, empowering endoscopic LWFA brachytherapy. With coherent beam combination of multiple fiber amplifiers, the advantages of ultrafast fiber lasers are further extended to bring in more capabilities in compact LWFA applications.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Seudat Mitzvah
A seudat mitzvah (Hebrew: סעודת מצוה, "commanded meal"), in Judaism, is an obligatory festive meal, usually referring to the celebratory meal following the fulfillment of a mitzvah (commandment), such as a bar mitzvah, a wedding, a brit milah (ritual circumcision), or a siyum (completing a tractate of Talmud or Mishnah). Seudot fixed in the calendar (i.e., for holidays and fasts) are also considered seudot mitzvah, but many have their own, more commonly used names.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Taxonomy of Product–Service System Perturbation
Perturbations have a negative influence on the operation of the business system, which may weaken business performance. Product–service system (PSS) perturbations could be classified into six categories, namely, behavioral, social, environmental, competence, resource, and organizational perturbations. The proposed terminology and taxonomy appear to be effective, which could enable researchers to understand the scope of PSS perturbations on a conceptual level. This finding is also expected to provide useful knowledge and information for researchers who are interested in vulnerability analysis and the robust design of PSS.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Oct 2022
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