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Topic Review
Adherence to Oral Chemotherapy in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer affecting children and adolescents. Medication adherence can be defined as taking medications exactly as prescribed by a medical provider. It includes taking the right medication at the right dose at the right time, consistently.
  • 564
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Radiotherapy-Based Treatment for Operable Breast Cancer
For breast cancer patients who do not wish to undergo any form of surgery, various non-surgical treatments have been investigated. Radiotherapy is considered the most important modality, but conventional radiotherapy alone or concurrent chemoradiotherapy do not lead to high local control rates. So, to increase curability, radiosensitization strategies, including the use of hydrogen peroxide injection before radiation and hyperthermia plus oral tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil potassium (S-1), have been investigated. These strategies have yielded promising outcomes, with local control rates of ~97%.
  • 564
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Serological Biomarkers in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and the most common form of cancer in women. A large proportion of patients begin with localized disease and undergo treatment with curative intent, while another large proportion of patients debuts with disseminated metastatic disease. In the last subgroup of patients, the prognosis in recent years has changed radically, given the existence of different targeted therapies thanks to the discovery of different biomarkers. Serological, histological, and genetic biomarkers have demonstrated their usefulness in the initial diagnosis, in the follow-up to detect relapses, to guide targeted treatment, and to stratify the prognosis of the most aggressive tumors in those with breast cancer. Molecular markers are currently the basis for the diagnosis of metastatic disease, given the wide variety of chemotherapy regions and existing therapies.
  • 564
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Interleukin-1Beta Signalin in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Targeted therapies for solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), have advanced significantly, offering tailored treatment options for patients. However, individuals without targetable mutations pose a clinical challenge, as they may not respond to standard treatments like immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and novel targeted therapies; further, there is an unmet need to identify prognostic biomarkers of response to treatment. Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) have emerged as a key area of focus and hold significant potential implications for future clinical practice. Combinatorial approaches of IL-1β inhibitors and ICIs may provide a potential therapeutic modality for NSCLC patients without targetable mutations and offer insight into the continued search for prognostic biomarkers.
  • 563
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticles and Cancer Stem Cells
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cells that can initiate, self-renew, and sustain tumor growth. CSCs are responsible for tumor metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance in cancer therapy. CSCs reside within a niche maintained by multiple unique factors in the microenvironment. These factors include hypoxia, excessive levels of angiogenesis, a change of mitochondrial activity from aerobic aspiration to aerobic glycolysis, an upregulated expression of CSC biomarkers and stem cell signaling, and an elevated synthesis of the cytochromes P450 family of enzymes responsible for drug clearance. Antibodies and ligands targeting the unique factors that maintain the niche are utilized for the delivery of anticancer therapeutics to CSCs. In this regard, nanomaterials, specifically nanoparticles (NPs), are extremely useful as carriers for the delivery of anticancer agents to CSCs.
  • 562
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Metabolomic Signatures of Treatment Response in Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BC) stands as one of the most prevalent urological malignancies, with over 500 thousand newly diagnosed cases annually. Treatment decisions in BC depend on factors like the risk of recurrence, the type of tumor, and the stage of the disease. While standard therapeutic approaches encompass transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, radical cystectomy, and chemo- or immunotherapy, these methods exhibit limited efficacy in mitigating the aggressive and recurrent nature of bladder tumors. To overcome this challenge, it is crucial to develop innovative methods for monitoring and predicting treatment responses among patients with BC. Metabolomics is gaining recognition as a promising approach for discovering biomarkers. It has the potential to reveal metabolic disruptions that precisely reflect how BC patients respond to particular treatments, providing a revolutionary method to improve accuracy in monitoring and predicting outcomes.
  • 562
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Exosomal Cargo in Ovarian Cancer Dissemination
Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest mortality rate among all gynecologic cancers and is characterized by early peritoneal spread. The growth and development of OC are associated with the formation of ascitic fluid, creating a unique tumor microenvironment. Understanding the mechanisms of tumor progression is crucial in identifying new diagnostic biomarkers and developing novel therapeutic strategies. Exosomes, lipid bilayer vesicles measuring 30–150 nm in size, are known to establish a crucial link between malignant cells and their microenvironment. Additionally, the confirmed involvement of exosomes in carcinogenesis enables them to mediate the invasion, migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis of tumor cells. Functionally active non-coding RNAs (such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, circRNAs), proteins, and lipid rafts transported within exosomes can activate numerous signaling pathways and modify gene expression.
  • 561
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Anesthetics and Long Term Cancer Outcomes
Anesthetics are chemical factors with the potential to induce epigenetic effects. With regard to the nervous system, for example, this is supported by the fact that anesthetics are neurotoxins sharing many molecular mechanisms of action with alcohol and cocaine.
  • 560
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnology with Photo- and Radiotherapy for Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Despite recent advances in the treatment of this pathology, which include a personalized approach using radio- and chemotherapies in combination with advanced surgical techniques, it is imperative to enhance the performance of these treatments and decrease their detrimental side effects on patients’ health. Nanomedicine is likely the pathway towards solving this challenge by enhancing both the therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities. In particular, plasmonic nanoparticles show remarkable potential due to their dual therapeutic functionalities as photothermal therapy agents and as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy.
  • 560
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers for Immunotherapy in Driver-Gene-Negative Advanced NSCLC
Outcome improvement in patients with driver-gene-negative advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been significantly enhanced through targeting the immune system, specifically the PD-L1/PD-1 axis. Nevertheless, only a subset of patients with advanced NSCLC may derive benefits from immuno-monotherapy or immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. Hence, in order to identify patients who will gain the maximum advantage from immunotherapy, it is crucial to investigate predictive biomarkers.
  • 560
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Phosphate Toxicity Associated with Tumorigenesis and Obesity
Phosphate toxicity, the accumulation of excess phosphate in the body from dysregulated phosphate metabolism, is associated with tumorigenesis. High levels of hormones that regulate phosphate metabolism, such as parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23, are also associated with obesity, providing a potential link between obesity and phosphate toxicity. Increased dietary intake of inorganic phosphate is linked to excessive consumption of foods processed with phosphate additives, and consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with an increase in the incidence of obesity.
  • 560
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Physical Forces in Glioblastoma Migration
The invasive capabilities of glioblastoma (GBM) define the cancer’s aggressiveness, treatment resistance, and overall mortality. The tumor microenvironment influences the molecular behavior of cells, both epigenetically and genetically. Current forces being studied include properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as stiffness and “sensing” capabilities. There is currently limited data on the physical forces in GBM—both relating to how they influence their environment and how their environment influences them.
  • 560
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Personalizing Oncolytic Virotherapy for Glioblastoma
Oncolytic virus (OV) treatment may offer a new treatment option for the aggressive brain tumor glioblastoma. Clinical trials testing oncolytic viruses in this patient group have shown promising results, with patients achieving impressive long-term clinical responses. However, the number of responders to each OV remains low. This is thought to arise from the large heterogeneity of these tumors, both in terms of molecular make-up and their immune-suppressive microenvironment, leading to variability in responses. An approach that may improve response rates is the personalized utilization of oncolytic viruses against glioblastoma (GBM), based on specific tumor- or patient-related characteristics. In this review, we discuss potential biomarkers for response to different OVs as well as emerging ex vivo assays that in the future may enable selection of optimal OV for a specific patient and design of stratified clinical OV trials for GBM.
  • 559
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
LncRNA Dysregulation in Glioblastoma
Transcription occurs across more than 70% of the human genome and more than half of currently annotated genes produce functional noncoding RNAs. Of these transcripts, the majority—long, noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)—are greater than 200 nucleotides in length and are necessary for various roles in the cell. It is increasingly appreciated that these lncRNAs are relevant in both health and disease states, with the brain expressing the largest number of lncRNAs compared to other organs.
  • 559
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Androgen Receptor Gene Pathway in Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer
Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) is currently used as a salvage intervention for men with oligometastatic prostate cancer (PC), and increasingly so since the results of the Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy for the Comprehensive Treatment of Oligometastatic Cancers (SABR-COMET) trial reported a significant improvement in overall survival with SABR. The addition of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to localised prostate radiotherapy improves survival as it sensitises PC to radiotherapy-induced cell death. The importance of the androgen receptor (AR) gene pathway in the development of resistance to radiotherapy is well established.
  • 559
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
NORAD-Regulated Signaling Pathways in Breast Cancer Progression
Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease classified into different subtypes presenting several treatment challenges, especially in more advanced cases arising from triple negative breast cancer. NORAD is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) activated by DNA damage, with an impacting role in the repair process of DNA insults. This lncRNA is differentially expressed in BC subtypes, participating in cancer initiation and progression, by interacting with an extended range of signaling partners.
  • 559
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Germline Aberrations in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has an extremely poor prognosis and represents a major public health issue, as both its incidence and mortality are expecting to increase steeply over the next years. Effective screening strategies are lacking, and most patients are diagnosed with unresectable disease precluding the only chance of cure. Therapeutic options for advanced disease are limited, and the treatment paradigm is still based on chemotherapy, with a few rare exceptions to targeted therapies. Germline variants in cancer susceptibility genes—particularly those involved in mechanisms of DNA repair—are emerging as promising targets for PDAC treatment and prevention. 
  • 558
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Poly Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribose Polymerase for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
The integrity and stability of DNA in breast epithelial tissues are key factors in breast homeostasis. However, carcinogenesis is mostly initiated by DNA damage which is an ongoing process resulting from both endogenous (errors in replication) and exogenous (environmental) assaults to the human genome. Usually, cell repair mechanisms ensure that cells with damaged DNA undergo either repair or apoptosis. Therefore, inhibition of these processes can lead to a buildup of damaged DNA in cells, resulting in apoptosis or senescence of the tumor cells. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have been closely examined as one of the most exciting and promising “targeted” therapeutic strategies to treat advanced TNBC by preventing cancer cells from repairing themselves. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that 10–20% of total patients diagnosed with TNBC have a mutation in breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA)1 or (BRCA)2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes that are associated with a hereditary predisposition to developing female breast cancer, but their pivotal role in the DNA damage response makes cancer cells harboring such mutations more sensitive to drugs eliciting DNA damage or interfering with DNA repair, such as PARP inhibitors.
  • 558
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are standard treatments for patients with lung cancer. PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA4 antibodies are chosen as the first-line therapy, contributing to the long-term survival and tolerability. Unlike molecular targeting agents, such as gefitinib, lung cancer patients with a poor performance status (PS) display unsatisfactory clinical improvements after ICI treatment. 
  • 556
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
CD4+ T Cells in Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy research has often focused on CD8+ T cells because of their ability to eliminate tumor cells. However, CD4+ T cells have attracted attention in the field because they are not only crucial for promoting CD8+ T cell functions, preventing CD8+ T cell depletion or inducing CD8+ T cell memory, but also able to directly or indirectly kill tumor cells.
  • 556
  • 16 Jun 2022
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