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Topic Review
Translational Application of Fluorescent Molecular Probes
Ischemia and reperfusion injury comprise complex mechanisms involving disarrangement of the splanchnic microcirculatory flow and impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain due to initial hypoxemia and subsequent oxidative stress during the reperfusion phase. 
  • 666
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
FLVCR1-AS1 and FBXL19-AS1 in Multiple Human Cancers
LncRNAs can operate as decoys by binding to microRNAs or transcription factors to sequester them away from their target locations and obstruct transcription and translation. The role of lncRNA as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in the development of cancer has been demonstrated. Through their regulatory effects on DNA sequences in cis-acting and trans-acting lncRNAs, the lncRNAs can modulate many biological processes such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, invasion, progression, apoptosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumorigenesis. There is growing proof that lncRNAs interact with DNA in sequence-specific ways by forming triple helix (triplex) structures. The transcriptional factors bound on a specific DNA sequence that take control of the gene expression frequently interact with LncRNA. On the other hand, LncRNA co-transcriptionally form RNA-DNA hybrids such as R-loops recognized by chromatin modifiers or by transcription factors to activate or inhibit target gene transcription.
  • 666
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
FABP1,  FABP2 and FABP3
Fatty-acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are a class of low-molecular-weight intracellular proteins that play a role as a transporter by binding to hydrophobic ligands, typically fatty acids, with different affinities, and are involved in the metabolism of these fatty acids (FAs). These hydrophobic ligands include, but are not limited to, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosanoids, and other lipids. FABPs have been shown to be important in modulating lipid metabolism, gene regulation, and signal transmission. They have been thought of as the key mediators in the metabolic and inflammatory processes.
  • 666
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
HIV- and Antiretroviral-Induced Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a non-communicable disease characterised by a cluster of metabolic irregularities. The prevalence of MetS in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and antiretroviral (ARV) usage is increasing rapidly. The findings suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction was the most common mechanism that induced metabolic complications. Furthermore, protease inhibitors (PIs) are more commonly implicated in MetS-related effects than other classes of ARVs.
  • 665
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors for SARS-CoV-2
Since the first reported case of COVID-19 in 2019 in China and the official declaration from the World Health Organization in March 2021 as a pandemic, fast and accurate diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has played a major role worldwide. For this reason, various methods have been developed, comprising reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoassays, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and bio(mimetic)sensors. Among the developed methods, RT-PCR is so far the gold standard. IUPAC defines the term biomimetic as “Refers a laboratory procedure designed to imitate a natural chemical process. Also refers to a compound that mimics a biological material in structure or function“. The lotus effect at a water-repelling surface is the best-known example of biomimetic systems. One important motivation for the development and application of biomimetic recognition elements is their potentially higher stability and lower price as compared with biomolecules. 
  • 665
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Small Molecules to Enhance Gene Therapy
In the rapidly evolving landscape of genetic engineering, the advent of CRISPR-Cas technologies has catalyzed a paradigm shift, empowering scientists to manipulate the genetic code with unprecedented accuracy and efficiency. Despite the remarkable capabilities inherent to CRISPR-Cas systems, recent advancements have witnessed the integration of small molecules to augment their functionality, introducing new dimensions to the precision and versatility of gene editing applications. 
  • 665
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
99mTc-Aprotinin in Diagnosis of Cardiac Amyloidosis
Aprotinin is a serine protease inhibitor. Several studies investigated the use of 99mTc-labelled Aprotinin as an amyloid seeker. In vitro tests showed high binding affinity for several types of amyloid fibrils accompanied by an excellent specificity. Initial human studies demonstrated good accuracy in detecting cardiac involvement. Scintigraphy results were confirmed in a group of 28 endomyocardial biopsies. Unfortunately, clinical studies were halted because of a temporary suspension of the vector protein (Trasylol) and public health concerns over prion contamination of the bovine origin compound. To obviate these limitations, efforts have been made to label a recombinant Aprotinin with 99mTc, which exhibits the same affinity for h-insulin fibrils.
  • 665
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Physiological Role of Bile Acids by Gut Microbiome
Bile acids (BAs) are produced from cholesterol in the liver and are termed primary BAs. Primary BAs are conjugated with glycine and taurine in the liver and then released into the intestine via the gallbladder. After the deconjugation of glycine or taurine by the gut microbiome, primary BAs are converted into secondary BAs by the gut microbiome through modifications such as dehydroxylation, oxidation, and epimerization. 
  • 663
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Influence of DDP Chemotherapy on miRNA Expression
Platinum-based chemotherapy, cisplatin (DDP) specifically, is the main strategy for treating lung cancer (LC). However, there is a lack of predictive drug-resistance markers, and there is increased interest in the development of a reliable and sensitive panel of markers for DDP chemotherapy-effectiveness prediction. MicroRNAs represent a perspective pool of markers for chemotherapy effectiveness.
  • 663
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Role of Nuclear Proteases in Cell Death Pathways
Multiple factors can trigger cell death via various pathways, and nuclear proteases have emerged as essential regulators of these processes. While certain nuclear proteases have been extensively studied and their mechanisms of action are well understood, others remain poorly characterized. Regulation of nuclear protease activity is a promising therapeutic strategy that could selectively induce favorable cell death pathways in specific tissues or organs.
  • 663
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cargo Molecules in Secretory Granule
The pancreatic β-cell is purpose-built for the production and secretion of insulin, the only hormone that can remove glucose from the bloodstream. Insulin is kept inside miniature membrane-bound storage compartments known as secretory granules (SGs), and these specialized organelles can readily fuse with the plasma membrane upon cellular stimulation to release insulin. The luminal components of the insulin SG can be functionally segregated into four groups. These are cargo molecules, luminal enzymes and chaperones, ions (and their transporters and channels), and sorting receptors.
  • 662
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Blood-Derived Microvesicles in Breast Cancer
Modifying and changing (energy) metabolism is a hall mark of cancer. But how to appraise metabolic changes in cancer patients? Cancer and benign cells shed microvesicles (MV) into the blood. These MV can be easily extracted and isolated. Targeted mass spectrometry of MV is able to differentiate not only between healthy controls and cancer patients, but between molecular breast cancer subtypes. Changes detected in some of these metabolites are indicators for a worse prognosis. In summary, metabolic profiling of MV yields promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. 
  • 662
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Challenging Treatment of Cisplatin-Resistant Tumors
Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases, causing millions of deaths worldwide. In particular, carcinogenesis, the process responsible for healthy cells’ transformation into tumoral cells, is characterized by multi-stage evolution: initiation, promotion, and the malignant transformation of cells and progression. During this process, some DNA mutations occur, providing the cancer with different distinctive features, such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, replicative cell immortality, the circumvention of growth suppressors, the induction of angiogenesis, resistance to cell death, activation to invasion, and metastasis. The principal cancer treatments rely on surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, but usually combined therapy is the preferred choice. Indeed, after surgery, the patient often undergoes radio- or chemotherapy. 
  • 662
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Leptin and Cancer
Leptin is an obesity-associated adipokine that is known to regulate energy metabolism and reproduction and to control appetite via the leptin receptor. Recent work has identified specific cell types other than adipocytes that harbor leptin and leptin receptor expression, particularly in cancers and tumor microenvironments, and characterized the role of this signaling axis in cancer progression. 
  • 660
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Optical Technologies for Single-Cell Analysis on Microchips
Cell analysis at the single-cell level is of great importance to investigate the inherent heterogeneity of cell populations and to understand the morphology, composition, and function of individual cells. With the continuous innovation of analytical techniques and methods, single-cell analysis on microfluidic chip systems has been extensively applied for its precise single-cell manipulation and sensitive signal response integrated with various detection techniques, such as optical, electrical, and mass spectrometric analyses.
  • 660
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Co-Translational Quality Control Induced by Translational Arrest
Genetic mutations, mRNA processing errors, and lack of availability of charged tRNAs sometimes slow down or completely stall translating ribosomes. Since an incomplete nascent chain derived from stalled ribosomes may function anomalously, such as by forming toxic aggregates, surveillance systems monitor every step of translation and dispose of such products to prevent their accumulation. Yeast models with powerful genetics and biochemical techniques have contributed to uncovering the mechanism of the co-translational quality control system, which eliminates the harmful products generated from aberrant translation. 
  • 660
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cerium-Containing N-Acetyl-6-Aminohexanoic Acid
Cerium N-acetyl-6-aminohexanoate (laboratory name LHT-8-17) as a 10 mg/mL aqueous spray was used as wound experimental topical therapy. LHT-8-17 4 mg twice daily accelerated linear and planar wounds healing in animals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The formulation topical application depressed tissue TNF-a, IL-1b level, and oxidative reactions activity along with sustaining both IL-10 concentration and antioxidant capacity. LHT-8-17 induced Ki-67 positivity of fibroblasts and pro-keratinocytes, upregulated FGFR3 gene expression, and increased tissue vascularization. The formulation possessed anti-microbial property.
  • 659
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
ADAMTS and Fertility in Females and Males
The ADAMTS (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs) family genes code for key metalloproteinases in the remodeling process of different ECM. Several genes of this family encode for proteins with important functions in reproductive processes; in particular, ADAMTS1, 4, 5 and 9 are genes that are differentially expressed in cell types and the physiological stages of reproductive tissues. ADAMTS enzymes degrade proteoglycans in the ECM of the follicles so that the oocytes can be released and regulate follicle development during folliculogenesis, favoring the action of essential growth factors, such as FGF-2, FGF-7 and GDF-9. The transcriptional regulation of ADAMTS1 and 9 in preovulatory follicles occurs because of the gonadotropin surge in preovulatory follicles, via the progesterone/progesterone receptor complex. In addition, in the case of ADAMTS1, pathways involving protein kinase A (PKA), extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) might contribute to ECM regulation. Different Omic studies indicate the importance of genes of the ADAMTS family from a reproductive aspect. ADAMTS genes could serve as biomarkers for genetic improvement and contribute to enhance fertility and animal reproduction.
  • 659
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Role of Alcohol Dehydrogenases in Fungal Cells
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) (EC 1.1.1.1) are oxidoreductases that catalyze the interconversion of alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Oxidoreductases have been classified into three main categories: (1) NAD- or NADP-dependent dehydrogenases; (2) NAD(P)-independent enzymes that use pyrroloquinoline quinone, haem, or F420 as a cofactor; and (3) oxidases that catalyze essentially irreversible oxidation of alcohols.
  • 659
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Crosstalk between Depression and Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is a serious global challenge, and depression is one of the risk factors and comorbidities of BC. Recently, the research on the comorbidity of BC and depression has focused on the dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the persistent stimulation of the inflammatory response. However, the further mechanisms for comorbidity remain unclear. Epoxide metabolism has been shown to have a regulatory function in the comorbid mechanism with scattered reports. The imbalance in epoxide metabolism and its downstream effect shared by BC and depression, including overexpression of inflammation, upregulation of toxic diols, and disturbed lipid metabolism is disclosed. These downstream effects are mainly involved in the construction of the breast malignancy microenvironment through liver regulation. 
  • 658
  • 21 Nov 2022
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