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Topic Review
The Regulatory Roles of PPARs
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of transcription factors implicated in wide-ranging cellular functions, including lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses and cell proliferation and differentiation.
  • 691
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
HIV- and Antiretroviral-Induced Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a non-communicable disease characterised by a cluster of metabolic irregularities. The prevalence of MetS in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and antiretroviral (ARV) usage is increasing rapidly. The findings suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction was the most common mechanism that induced metabolic complications. Furthermore, protease inhibitors (PIs) are more commonly implicated in MetS-related effects than other classes of ARVs.
  • 689
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Wild-Type P53-Dependent Secretome
The wild-type p53 protein prevents tumorigenesis by regulating a plethora of signaling pathways. The importance of the p53 tumor suppressive activity is not only primarily involved within cells to limit tumor cell proliferation but also in the extracellular microenvironment of cancer. Thus, p53 has a profound impact on the secretome composition of cancer cells and reducing the transition to invasiveness.
  • 688
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Algal Lipids as Modulators of Skin Disease
Lipids from algae have been scarcely applied to modulate skin diseases, but they are well known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. They have shown scavenging activities and can modulate redox homeostasis enzymes. They can also downmodulate key inflammatory signaling pathways and transcription factors such as NF-κB, decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Thus, the exploitation of algae lipids as therapeutical agents for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases is highly attractive.
  • 688
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Interventions of Heat Shock Proteins
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age and post-menopausal women. PCOS is a multifactorial heterogeneous disorder associated with a variety of etiologies, outcomes, and clinical manifestations. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a significant role in the progression of this multifactorial disorder. Abnormal levels of HSPs are a common finding in women with PCOS, and it has been established that they are involved in many aspects of the condition, making them suitable targets for possible treatments. HSPs cannot broadly be labeled as “good” or “bad”, but simply integral factors in the mechanism of PCOS that, once disrupted, contribute to its pathogenesis and can potentially be modulated to alleviate the condition.
  • 688
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Sialylation and Cancer Metastasis
Metastasis is a multi-step, inefficient process that accounts for approximately 90% of cancer-related deaths. The process of cancer metastasis can be briefly summarized as cancer cells escaping their initial sites, surviving in blood and lymph transfer, and developing new distal tumor sites. Sialylation modifies the conformation of essential proteins to promote cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. α2-6-Sialylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells and sustains its membrane retention, regulating integrin tension, focal adhesion, and cell motility.
  • 687
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
MOB1 Homolog in the Apicomplexan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Monopolar spindle One Binder1 (MOB1) proteins regulate key cellular functions, namely cell multiplication and cell division. The unicellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii transitions between several morphological stages, with the need to control the number of parasites in its cellular environment. We hypothesized that MOB1 proteins could participate in the regulation of the T. gondii life cycle, having identified one MOB1 protein (TgMOB1) coded in its genome. 
  • 686
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Lipid Droplets, Phospholipase A2, Arachidonic Acid, and Atherosclerosis
Lipid droplets, classically regarded as static storage organelles, are currently considered as dynamic structures involved in key processes of lipid metabolism, cellular homeostasis and signaling. Studies on the inflammatory state of atherosclerotic plaques suggest that circulating monocytes interact with products released by endothelial cells and may acquire a foamy phenotype before crossing the endothelial barrier and differentiating into macrophages. One such compound released in significant amounts into the bloodstream is arachidonic acid, the common precursor of eicosanoids, and a potent inducer of neutral lipid synthesis and lipid droplet formation in circulating monocytes. Members of the family of phospholipase A2, which hydrolyze the fatty acid present at the sn-2 position of phospholipids, have recently emerged as key controllers of lipid droplet homeostasis, regulating their formation and the availability of fatty acids for lipid mediator production.
  • 686
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
OKN-007 Alters Protein Expression Profiles
Current therapies for high-grade gliomas, particularly glioblastomas (GBM), do not extend patient survival beyond 16–22 months. OKN-007 (OKlahoma Nitrone 007), which is currently in phase II (multi-institutional) clinical trials for GBM patients, and has demonstrated efficacy in several rodent and human xenograft glioma models, shows some promise as an anti-glioma therapeutic, as it affects most aspects of tumorigenesis (tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and apoptosis). Combined with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ), OKN-007 is even more effective by affecting chemo-resistant tumor cells.
  • 686
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Point-of-Care Testing of microRNAs
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that are approximately 22 nt in length and regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. miRNAs play a vital role in both physiological and pathological processes and are regarded as promising biomarkers for cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and so on. Accurate detection of miRNA expression level in clinical samples is important for miRNA-guided diagnostics. However, the common miRNA detection approaches like RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR, and miRNA microarray are performed in a professional laboratory with complex intermediate steps and are time-consuming and costly, challenging the miRNA-guided diagnostics. Hence, sensitive, highly specific, rapid, and easy-to-use detection of miRNAs is crucial for clinical diagnosis based on miRNAs. With the advantages of being specific, sensitive, efficient, cost-saving, and easy to operate, point-of-care testing (POCT) has been widely used in the detection of miRNAs.
  • 685
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Galectin-3 and ST2 in Cardiology
Gal3 is a protein that belongs to the family of galectins, which are beta-galactoside binding proteins. Gal3 is broadly expressed in tissues, including all types of immune cells, epithelial cells, and sensory neurons. Furthermore, it participates in a wide variety of processes involved in the genesis of fibrosis, such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. ST2 is a protein that is part of the interleukin-1 receptor, and there are two isoforms, a transmembrane receptor (ST2L) and a soluble receptor (sST2, denoted as ST2). Interleukin-33 plays a cardioprotective role. It prevents fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy through ST2L. In addition, ST2 reduces the cardioprotective effect of the Interleukin-33/ST2L pathway by binding to free interleukin-33.
  • 684
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Receptor-Mediated Nutrient Sensing in Metabolism
Nutrients are essential organic substances, and how they are distinguished in the stomach is pivotal for stabilizing the body’s nutritional and energy requirements. Diverse gene expressions are elicited after food perception by their respective receptors. Nutritional signalling is a broad term that refers to various cell signalling pathways influenced by nutrient availability. Signalling cascades are activated when nutrient levels change, modulating essential cellular activities including metabolism, proliferation, secretion, and autophagy.
  • 684
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
DNA Methylation
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic signature implicated in regulation of gene expression that occurs predominantly within CpG dinucleotides.
  • 684
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The HIF-Dependent Transcriptional Response
The Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) plays a major role in the cellular response to hypoxia by regulating the expression of many genes involved in adaptive processes that allow cell survival under low oxygen conditions. Adaptation to the hypoxic tumor micro-environment is also critical for cancer cell proliferation and therefore HIF-1 is also considered a valid therapeutical target. Despite the huge progress in understanding regulation of HIF-1 expression and activity by oxygen levels or oncogenic pathways, the way HIF-1 interacts with chromatin and the transcriptional machinery in order to activate its target genes is still a matter of intense investigation.
  • 683
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Signaling Pathways of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive disease with high mortality and unclear etiology. Previous evidence supports that the origin of this disease is associated with epigenetic alterations, age, and environmental factors. IPF initiates with chronic epithelial lung injuries, followed by basal membrane destruction, which promotes the activation of myofibroblasts and excessive synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Due to miRNAs’ role as regulators of apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and cell-cell interaction processes, some studies have involved miRNAs in the biogenesis and progression of IPF.
  • 682
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
RNA Technologies to Fight Human Pathogens
A long scientific journey has led to prominent technological advances in the RNA field, and several new types of molecules have been discovered, from non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to riboswitches, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and CRISPR systems. Such findings, together with the recognition of the advantages of RNA in terms of its functional performance, have attracted the attention of synthetic biologists to create potent RNA-based tools for biotechnological and medical applications.
  • 681
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Role of Nuclear Proteases in Cell Death Pathways
Multiple factors can trigger cell death via various pathways, and nuclear proteases have emerged as essential regulators of these processes. While certain nuclear proteases have been extensively studied and their mechanisms of action are well understood, others remain poorly characterized. Regulation of nuclear protease activity is a promising therapeutic strategy that could selectively induce favorable cell death pathways in specific tissues or organs.
  • 681
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Structure and Function of LRP5
The LRP5 protein plays a significant role in the highly conserved canonical WNT signaling pathway, also known as the WNT–β-catenin pathway, which is involved in multiple processes, including cell fate determination, organogenesis, limb pattern formation, injury repair, and the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases.
  • 681
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Control Strategies against Spodoptera frugiperda.
frugiperdastrains with 18- and 28-fold resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides compared with susceptible strains. This situation has allowed the insect to increase its population density, causing insecticide resistance to compounds such as DDT, cyclodiene organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids, generating the need for new molecules with potential activity.
  • 680
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Exosomal Micro-RNAs as Intercellular Communicators
Communication between neighboring or distant cells is made through a complex network that includes extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes, which are a subgroup of EVs, are released from most cell types and have been found in biological fluids such as urine, plasma, and airway secretions like bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), nasal lavage, saliva, and sputum. Mainly, the cargo exosomes are enriched with mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), which can be transferred to a recipient cell consequently modifying and redirecting its biological function. The effects of miRNAs derive from their role as gene expression regulators by repressing or degrading their target mRNAs. Various types of research are focused on evaluating the potential of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for the prognosis and diagnosis of different pathologies.
  • 680
  • 14 Oct 2022
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