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Topic Review
Dietary Fibers in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic, progressive, immune-mediated diseases of the intestinal tract. The main subtypes of IBDs are Chron’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The etiology is still unclear, but there are genetic, environmental and host-related factors that contribute to the development of these diseases. Literature has shown that dietary therapy is the cornerstone of IBD treatment in terms of management of symptoms, relapse and care of the pathology. IBD patients show that microbiota dysbiosis and diet, especially dietary fiber, can modulate its composition. These patients are more at risk of energy protein malnutrition than the general population and are deficient in micronutrients. So far, no dietary component is considered responsible for IBD and there is not a specific therapeutic diet for it. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Antioxidants and Lung Cancer in Smokers, Non-Smokers
Smoking is the major cause of cancer mortality, responsible for 64.2% of global lung cancer (LC)-related deaths in 2019. There is clear evidence from longitudinal and/or case–control studies that support the link between current smoking and LC risk. Secondhand smoke (SHS) as well as other environmental and genetic factors are potential risk factors for the development of LC in non-smokers. Approximately 6% of global non-smoker deaths from LC in 2019 are caused by SHS exposure.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Generation of Phenotypic Diversity in Populations
The generation of phenotypic diversity is fundamental for the environmental adaptation and evolution of populations. It can be produced by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The genetic mechanisms include mutation, recombination, drift and gene flow and generate phenotypic diversity by changing the DNA sequence or their relative distribution in populations. Epigenetic mechanisms produce phenotypic diversity by differential expression of the same DNA without changing the DNA sequence and different processing of the gene products. They include DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNAs, Polycomb/Trithorax group proteins, chemical mRNA modifications and mRNA editing. In sexually reproducing organisms, genetic mechanisms probably play a predominant role in the production of phenotypic diversity. Epigenetic mechanisms are effective in all organisms but are particularly important in asexual reproducers, where they generate phenotypic variation and individuality despite genetic identity. Further main benefiters of the epigenetic contribution to phenotypic diversity are sessile taxa and species with long generation times.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Functional Food Ingredients for Viral Diseases
A complex network of processes within the human immune system provides resistance to a variety of disease states. This defense forms innate and adaptive immunity, with specific immune components working together to combat infection. In addition to genetic variables, susceptibility to disease can be influenced by factors such as lifestyle, age and environmental factors. Certain food chemicals have been shown to modulate signaling and cell morphology. This has implications for pathophysiology. Eating some functional foods can increase the activity of immune cells and protect us from various diseases, including those caused by viruses as discussed below. 
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Influence of ESG Risk Scores on Financial Distress
Financial distress is a research topic in finance that has attracted attention from academia following past financial crises. Although previous studies associate financial distress with several elements, the relationship between distress and ESG has not been broadly explored.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
History of Cellulose in Science and Technology
In the history of cellulose chemistry, hydrogen bonding has been the predominant explanation when discussing intermolecular interactions between cellulose polymers. This is unfortunately the general consensus in scholarly textbooks and in many research articles, and it applies to several other biomacromolecules’ interactions as well. The amphiphilicity of cellulose and many other biopolymers, and thereby hydrophobic interactions, has to be taken into account to get a more complete picture.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
The Formation of Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) are commonly encountered in elderly individuals aged over 70 years, as they tend to be associated with brain atrophy. As the population ages worldwide, the incidence of CSDH is on the rise at an estimated rate of 1.7 to 21 per 100,000 people per year.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Exchange Bias in Nanostructures
Exchange bias (EB) is a unidirectional anisotropy occurring in exchange-coupled ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic systems, such as thin films, core–shell particles, or nanostructures. In addition to a horizontal shift of the hysteresis loop, defining the exchange bias, asymmetric loops and even vertical shifts can often be found. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Neutrophil Activation
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are major contributors to inflammation and autoimmunity, playing a key role in the development of thrombotic disorders. NETs, composed of DNA, histones, and numerous other proteins serve as scaffolds for thrombus formation and promote platelet activation, coagulation, and endothelial dysfunction.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar
An extraordinary component of this mission is the “Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar” (LRPR) housed within its lander, which currently stands as the most advanced payload in terms of vertical resolution among all penetrating radars employed in lunar exploration.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Wind Turbine Blade Recycling Materials
The rapid growth of the wind energy industry has resulted in a significant increase in Wind Turbine Blade (WTB) waste, posing challenges for recycling due to the composite materials used in their construction. Each recycling technique employs distinct approaches, all to reclaim the valuable fibres in these blades. Mechanical recycling yields resin-rich, fibre-rich, and other qualities of byproducts, while pyrolysis generates fibres, fillers, gas, and oil.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is defined as the clinical syndrome of angina, electrocardiographic ischemic changes in the absence of obstructive CAD. The pathophysiological basis is impaired microvascular vasodilatation, leading to inadequate increase in blood flow to match myocardial oxygen needs (previously referred to in the literature as “cardiac syndrome X”).
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Type 2 Diabetes and P450
 The most frequent form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which is often part of a metabolic syndrome (hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, abdominal obesity) that usually requires the use of several medications from different drug classes to bring each of these conditions under control. T2DM is associated with an increase in inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α are associated with a downregulation of several drug metabolizing enzymes, especially the cytochrome P450 (P450) isoforms CYP3As and CYP2C19. A decrease in these P450 isoenzymes may lead to unexpected rise in plasma levels of substrates of these enzymes. It could also give rise to a mismatch between the genotypes determined for these enzymes, the predicted phenotypes based on these genotypes and the phenotypes observed clinically. This phenomenon is described as phenoconversion. Phenoconversion typically results from either a disease (such as T2DM) or concomitant administration of medications inducing or inhibiting (including competitive or non-competitive inhibition) a P450 isoenzyme used by other substrates for their elimination. Phenoconversion could have a significant impact on drug effects and genotypic-focused clinical outcomes.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
HMGB1 Structure and Receptors
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved DNA-shepherding protein that is plentiful in the cell nucleus. HMGB1 is actively secreted by multiple cell types, including macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, endothelial cells, and platelets, and passively by necrotic and damaged cells. Either mode can release substantial amounts of extracellular HMGB1, which participates in multiple biological functions. Serum and liver levels of HMGB1 are significantly increased in some schistosomiasis patients with inflammatory responses, suggesting a close association with disease progression.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Collaborative Learning
Collaborative learning is an exchange of ideas that enables and improves the interaction between two students (student–student) coping with the learning material on a network. When somebody imagine individuals seemingly completely focused on the screens and keyboards of their devices, people most frequently have a preconception that they are using those learning devices by themselves. However, such images of individual learning accompanied by electronic tools frequently do not reflect the hidden reality. In reality, students often use their computers to interact with others, and it is frequently their peers whom they interact with. These ideas arise from learning technology known as collaborative learning. Collaborative learning principles arise from a well-established approach to education, have a specific meaning and are specifically applied in practice.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains one of the most challenging phenomena of everyday medical science. The universal spread of high-risk clones of multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant (MDR/XDR) clinical P. aeruginosa has become a public health threat. The P. aeruginosa bacteria exhibits remarkable genome plasticity that utilizes highly acquired and intrinsic resistance mechanisms to counter most antibiotic challenges. In addition, the adaptive antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa, including biofilm-mediated resistance and the formation of multidrug-tolerant persisted cells, are accountable for recalcitrance and relapse of infections.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
MT1-MMP in Cancer Progression
For over 20 years, membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) has been recognized as a key component in cancer progression. Initially, the primary roles assigned to MT1-MMP were the activation of proMMP-2 and degradation of fibrillar collagen. Proteomics has revealed a great array of MT1-MMP substrates, and MT1-MMP selective inhibitors have allowed for a more complete mapping of MT1-MMP biological functions. MT1-MMP has extensive sheddase activities, is both a positive and negative regulator of angiogenesis, can act intracellularly and as a transcription factor, and modulates immune responses. We presently examine the multi-faceted role of MT1-MMP in cancer, with a consideration of how the diversity of MT1-MMP behaviors impacts the application of MT1-MMP inhibitors.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Many people still die of lung cancer (LC), a disease that is mainly related to cigarette smoking. Smokers may also develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a risk factor per se for LC. Cigarette smoking and other chemicals injure DNA on a daily basis. A repair mechanism based on PARP-1 and PARP-2 activity can restore damaged DNA to keep cells alive. However, cancer cells also take advantage of this mechanism to survive. Fifteen LC-COPD and 15 LC patients were enrolled in this study to elucidate whether COPD influences DNA damage-dependent PARP activity in lung tumors. DNA damage, PARP activity, PARP-1 and PARP-2 expression were analyzed in tumor and non-tumor lungs obtained during surgical resection of the lung tumors. DNA damage and PARP activity were increased only in tumors in LC-COPD patients. However, PARP-1 and PARP-2 expression decreased in tumors of both patient groups. LC patients with COPD may benefit from PARP inhibitor therapies.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Waardenburg Syndrome
Waardenburg syndrome is a group of genetic conditions that can cause hearing loss and changes in coloring (pigmentation) of the hair, skin, and eyes.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
ALK Gene
ALK receptor tyrosine kinase. The ALK gene provides instructions for making a protein called ALK receptor tyrosine kinase, which is part of a family of proteins called receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
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