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Topic Review
Optical Waveguide Layers Fabrication Methods
Several eye-catching techniques have been developed to implement high-quality optical thin films for light-guiding applications. Thin films are the foundation for innovative technologies in various areas, including optical devices, environmental applications, telecommunications devices, and energy storage devices. The morphology and reliability of thin films are critical issues in all applications. Deposition techniques have a major influence on thin-film morphology. Physical and chemical deposition methods can be used to deposit high-quality thin films. A thin film is a thin layer of material with a thickness ranging from a few nm to a few μm. Thin films, like all materials, are classified as amorphous or polycrystalline based on the preparation conditions and the quality of the target material. Glass WGs display highly attractive properties due to the straightforward technology, the low propagation losses, and the flexible index matching to glass fibers. It is highly desirable to have low-loss glasses, reliable and enabling low-cost WG fabrication procedures. An overall requirement is that manufacturing technologies are proficient in high yield, and have guaranteed duplicability within the quantified tolerances, and fundamentally low operating costs.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become an essential part of the intelligent transportation system because they provide secure communication among vehicles, enhance vehicle safety, and improve the driving experience.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Penile Cancer
Primary penile cancer is an uncommon malignancy with an incidence ranging from up to 6.8 per 100,000 in Africa, Asia, and South America to less than 1 per 100,000 in North America and Europe. Accurate preoperative staging and precise outlining of a tumor’s extent are crucial for selecting the most suitable treatment approach and improving outcomes. The current clinical staging of penile cancer is still largely based on physical examination. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is an important imaging modality that complements physical examination and reduces uncertainties that can easily arise during this examination.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Injury Syndromes
Immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T cells) has been recently approved for patients with relapsed/refractory B-lymphoproliferative neoplasms. Along with great efficacy in patients with poor prognosis, CAR-T cells have been also linked with novel toxicities in a significant portion of patients. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity present with unique clinical phenotypes that have not been previously observed. Nevertheless, they share similar characteristics with endothelial injury syndromes developing post hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Evolution in complement therapeutics has attracted renewed interest in these life-threatening syndromes, primarily concerning transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA). The immune system emerges as a key player not only mediating cytokine responses but potentially contributing to endothelial injury in CAR-T cell toxicity. The interplay between complement, endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability and inflammation seems to be a common denominator in these syndromes. As the indications for CAR-T cells and patient populations expand, there in an unmet clinical need of better understanding the pathophysiology of CAR-T cell toxicity. Therefore, this review aims to provide state-of-the art knowledge on: cellular therapies in clinical practice (indications and toxicities), endothelial injury syndromes and immunity and potential therapeutic targets.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Short Polymer Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Composites
The article describes the state of the art in reinforced geopolymers, taking into consideration various types of polymer fiber reinforcements, such as polypropylene, polyethylene, or polylactic acid. The description is focused on the usage of polymer short fibers and the mechanical properties of the geopolymer composites. However, to show a wider research background, numerous references are discussed concerning the selected studies on reinforcing geopolymer composites with long fibers and fabrics. The research method applied in the article is the critical analysis of literature sources, including a comparison of new material with other materials used in similar applications. The results of the research are discussed in a comparative context and the properties of the composites are juxtaposed with the properties of the standard materials used in the construction industry. Potential applications in the construction industry are presented. Moreover, the contemporary research challenges for geopolymer materials reinforced with fibers are presented.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Familial TAAD
Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (familial TAAD) involves problems with the aorta, which is the large blood vessel that distributes blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Familial TAAD affects the upper part of the aorta, near the heart. This part of the aorta is called the thoracic aorta because it is located in the chest (thorax). Other vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body (arteries) can also be affected.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Chronic Inflammation and Radiation-Induced Cystitis
Radiation cystitis is a potential complication following the therapeutic irradiation of pelvic cancers.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Chromosomal Instability
Chromosomal instability is the process of mis-segregation for ongoing chromosomes, which leads to cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes, also known as an aneuploid state. Induced aneuploidy is detrimental during development and in primary cells but aneuploidy is also a hallmark of cancer cells. It is therefore believed that premalignant cells need to overcome aneuploidy-imposed stresses to become tumorigenic. Over the past decade, some aneuploidy-tolerating pathways have been identified through small-scale screens, which suggests that aneuploidy tolerance pathways can potentially be therapeutically exploited. However, to better understand the processes that lead to aneuploidy tolerance in cancer cells, large-scale and unbiased genetic screens are needed, both in euploid and aneuploid cancer models.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
CLMS application for protein interfaces
The fundamentals of how protein–protein/RNA/DNA interactions influence the structures and functions of the workhorses from the cells have been well documented in the 20th century. A diverse set of methods exist to determine such interactions between different components, particularly, the mass spectrometry (MS) methods, with its advanced instrumentation, has become a significant approach to analyze a diverse range of biomolecules, as well as bring insights to their biomolecular processes. Cross-linking mass spectrometry (CLMS) holds promise to identify interaction sites in larger and more complex biological systems.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
S-Layer Ultrafiltration Membranes
Surface layers (S-layers) are the most common outermost cell envelope components of prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and archaea). The lattice formed by S-layer proteins are highly porous structures with identical pores in the nm-range. This feature can be utilized to fabricate ultrafiltration membranes with a very sharp specific molecular weight cut off. Moreover, S-layer lattices reveal an intrinsic antifouling characteristics, which results in a negligible clogging of the filter.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Thionocarbamates in Copper Slag Flotation
Thionocarbamates are the group of collectors that are mostly used for flotation of sulphide copper minerals, alone or in combination with xanthates depending on a mineralogical composition of the ore. Collectors are a group of reagents used in flotation for enhancing hydrophobicity of wanted minerals. They are organic compounds which are being adsorbed on surfaces of desired minerals, thus making them hydrophobic, reducing the stability of the hydrated layer separating the mineral from the air bubble to such extent that attachment of the particle to the bubble can be made, i.e., collectors reduce the induction time. Another purpose of collectors is to provide selectivity of minerals with similar floatability properties.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Lung Cancer in Taiwan
Lung cancers are life-threatening malignancies that cause great healthcare burdens in Taiwan and worldwide. The 5-year survival rate for Taiwanese patients with lung cancer is approximately 29%, an unsatisfactorily low number that remains to be improved. 
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Columnar Cell Lesions
Columnar cell lesions (CCLs) of the breast comprise a spectrum of morphologic alterations of the terminal duct lobular unit involving variably dilated and enlarged acini lined by columnar epithelial cells. The World Health Organization classifies CCLs without atypia as columnar cell change (CCC) and columnar cell hyperplasia (CCH), whereas flat epithelial atypia (FEA) is a unifying term encompassing both CCC and CCH with cytologic atypia. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Here Comes Everybody
Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations is a book by Clay Shirky published by Penguin Press in 2008 on the effect of the Internet on modern group dynamics and organization. The author considers examples such as Wikipedia, MySpace, and other social media in his analysis. According to Shirky, the book is about "what happens when people are given the tools to do things together, without needing traditional organizational structures". The title of the work alludes to HCE, a recurring and central figure in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and considers the impacts of self-organizing movements on culture, politics, and business.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Exercise on Mitochondria in Cardiovascular Disease
Mitochondria dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Exercise training is potentially an effective non-pharmacological strategy to restore mitochondrial health in CVD.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Jubilee (Christianity)
In Judaism and Christianity, the concept of the Jubilee is a special year of remission of sins and universal pardon. In the Book of Leviticus, a Jubilee year (Hebrew: יובל‎ yūḇāl) is mentioned to occur every fiftieth year, during which slaves and prisoners would be freed, debts would be forgiven and the mercies of God would be particularly manifest. In Western Christianity, the tradition dates to 1300, when Pope Boniface VIII convoked a holy year, following which ordinary jubilees have generally been celebrated every 25 or 50 years, with extraordinary jubilees in addition depending on need. Christian Jubilees, particularly in the Latin Church, generally involve pilgrimage to a sacred site, normally the city of Rome. The Catholic Church declared the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy for 2015–2016.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has captivated the globe’s attention since its emergence in 2019. This highly infectious, spreadable, and dangerous pathogen has caused health, social, and economic crises. Therefore, a worldwide collaborative effort was made to find an efficient strategy to overcome and develop vaccines.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Gelatin-Based Hydrogels
Hydrogels have become one of the potential polymers used with great performance for many issues and can be promoted as biomaterials with highly innovative characteristics and different uses. Gelatin is obtained from collagen, a co-product of the meat industry. Thus, converting wastes such as cartilage, bones, and skins into gelatin would give them added value. Gelatin-based hydrogels have been shown to be useful for different applications with important and innovative characteristics. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Urban Food Markets and Tourism
Gastronomy tourism in urban spaces offers not only the attraction associated with food and drink, but also adds historical and social attractions. These urban markets, with a historical role rooted in people's lives, are a tourist attraction for the visitor, where he can experience both the autochthonous products and the authenticity of the place and its people.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Proline Isomerization in Human Disease
Proline isomerization influences protein folding and function tremendously and serves as a unique type of post-translational modification that regulates multiple biological pathways. Although impactful, the importance and prevalence of proline isomerization as a regulation mechanism in biological systems has not been fully understood or recognized. 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Aug 2023
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