Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Yasser Bustanji
 -- 1292 2023-01-16 19:54:54 |
2 format correction
Dean Liu
 + 48 word(s) 1340 2023-01-17 04:39:01 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Abufares, H.I.;  Alsoud, L.O.;  Alqudah, M.A.Y.;  Shara, M.;  Soares, N.C.;  Alzoubi, K.H.;  El-Huneidi, W.;  Bustanji, Y.;  Soliman, S.S.M.;  Semreen, M.H. Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40249 (accessed on 26 December 2024).
Abufares HI,  Alsoud LO,  Alqudah MAY,  Shara M,  Soares NC,  Alzoubi KH, et al. Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40249. Accessed December 26, 2024.
Abufares, Haneen Imad, Leen Oyoun Alsoud, Mohammad A. Y. Alqudah, Mohd Shara, Nelson C. Soares, Karem H. Alzoubi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Yasser Bustanji, Sameh S. M. Soliman, Mohammad H. Semreen. "Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40249 (accessed December 26, 2024).
Abufares, H.I.,  Alsoud, L.O.,  Alqudah, M.A.Y.,  Shara, M.,  Soares, N.C.,  Alzoubi, K.H.,  El-Huneidi, W.,  Bustanji, Y.,  Soliman, S.S.M., & Semreen, M.H. (2023, January 16). Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40249
Abufares, Haneen Imad, et al. "Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines." Encyclopedia. Web. 16 January, 2023.
Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms232315415

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has captivated the globe’s attention since its emergence in 2019. This highly infectious, spreadable, and dangerous pathogen has caused health, social, and economic crises. Therefore, a worldwide collaborative effort was made to find an efficient strategy to overcome and develop vaccines.

SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccines effectiveness

1. Pfizer/BioNTech

A lipid nanoparticle-based BNT162b2 vaccine encoding the full-length SARS-CoV-2 S protein is modified by two proline mutations to lock it in a prefusion form [1]. The efficacy trial included 43,548 participants who were randomized to receive the BNT162b2 vaccine or a placebo [1]. They concluded that in 16 years old and above, two doses of BNT162b2 inferred 95% protection against COVID-19 [1]. However, according to another pivotal study, four months after the second dose, efficacy declined by an average of 6% every two months, from 96.2% to 83.7% [2]. In addition, a new study suggests that two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine were less effective against a more contagious strain. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was 93.7% effective against the Alpha variant and 88.0% effective against the Delta variant when given in two doses [3]. The vaccine’s effectiveness against the Omicron variant was 65.5% from 2 to 4 weeks, dropping to 8.8% at ≥25 weeks after two Pfizer doses. The booster increased the vaccine’s effectiveness to 73.9% from 2 to 4 weeks, then declined to 64.4% from 5 to 9 weeks [4].

2. Moderna

Moderna vaccine is an mRNA-based vaccine encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle that encodes a full-length spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 in a prefusion-stabilized conformation [5]. A phase III randomized trial was conducted at 99 different centers across the US, in which participants were assigned to receive two doses of the mRNA-1273 vaccine or a placebo. A 94.1% efficacy was achieved by the Moderna vaccine [6]. A study was conducted on 26,683 COVID-19-positive patients, 16% (Delta infection) and 84% (Omicron infection), and over 67,000 who tested negative [7]. They concluded that in those who received two doses of the Moderna vaccine, the effectivity was 44% against the Omicron variant until three months after vaccination, with a decline in effectivity afterward. However, after three doses, increased effectiveness was noticed (94% against Delta and 72% against Omicron) within two months of receiving the vaccine. For immunocompromised patients, the effectiveness was only 29% [7].

3. AstraZeneca

The viral vector vaccine, AstraZeneca, uses a harmless virus as a delivery mode to carry the genetic material of the surface spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. It allows the cells to activate the immune system when the body reencounters the disease [8]. The virus vector generally used is ChAdOx1, or adenovirus, a virus known to induce the common cold in chimpanzees. This virus is modified not to cause harm or infection to the human body [8]. Many trials were performed to study how effective the immune response of AstraZeneca is towards hospitalization and the reduction of the symptomatic effect of COVID-19. A phase III randomized trial in the US was conducted by comparing two doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine to the placebo group [9]. The vaccine showed 79% efficacy in preventing severe symptomatic events and 100% in reducing the number of infected patients admitted to the hospital.
Another study was performed in Canada after the appearance of new, more contagious variants of SARS-CoV-2, such as Delta and Gamma, to evaluate how effective the vaccine is in lowering the risk and improving protection against both variants. Results from the Canadian Immunization Research Network against symptomatic events caused by different variants showed that after one dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine, the efficacy was reduced to 70% and 72% for Delta and Alpha variants, respectively [10]. At the same time, it was decreased to 50% for Beta and Gamma variants. In addition, for hospitalization, the efficacy was reduced to 92% and 86% for Delta and Alpha variants, respectively [10].

4. Johnson & Johnson

Johnson & Johnson uses the same vaccine platform as AstraZeneca; the adenovirus is used as a vehicle to transport the genetic code of SARS-CoV-2 [11]. In clinical trials, a single dose of Johnson showed 66.3% effectiveness in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and 50% efficacy against symptomatic events [11][12]. Many studies suggested the need for Johnson & Johnson’s booster dose to strengthen the vaccine’s benefits. A study in South Africa demonstrated that a booster dose from Johnson & Johnson showed up to 85% effectiveness in reducing hospitalization [13]. Another study in the US showed that antibody titers increased four to six times after booster doses compared to a single dose of the vaccine [14].

5. Convidecia

Convidecia is a viral vector vaccine similar to those of AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson [15]. It is produced by genetic engineering using recombinant virus technology. The vaccine showed low efficacy in reducing the symptomatic events of COVID-19 in clinical trials compared to other vaccines. Its effectiveness ranged from 57.5 to 63.7%. The vaccine’s efficacy against severe COVID-19 ranged from 91.7% to 96% [15][16][17]. In the phase IV clinical trial, the company that developed the vaccine, CanSinoBio, suggested that a heterologous booster would give a better immune response as it would stimulate the body to produce more antibodies to fight the virus. The heterologous booster showed a six-fold increase in neutralizing antibodies compared to a homologous booster dose [18]. Another study was performed using a protein subunit vaccine (ZF2001) as a heterologous booster compared to a homologous booster of Convidicea that showed from a 2.5- to 3.3-fold increase in humoral immune response and was safer and more tolerable [19].

6. Sinovac-CoronaVac

Sinovac vaccine follows the usual platform used for vaccination using an inactivated virus. The WHO follow-up on the immunogenicity of Sinovac in human clinical trials showed that adults aged 18 and above could be immunized using Sinovac in two doses [20]. However, the antibodies formed from the two doses usually decline after three months [20]. Moreover, a study in Chile on the age group of 60 years and older showed that the vaccine was 66.6%, 85.3%, and 89.2% effective against COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and ICU admission, respectively [21]. For adults between 18 and 59 years old, the efficacy in preventing COVID-19 infection was 65.03% [22]. Another study showed that antibodies formed after two doses of Sinovac were significantly lower in older patients, with an average of 85.3% efficacy compared to adults with an efficacy of 97.4% [23].

7. Sinopharm

Like Sinovac, Sinopharm is also an inactivated vaccine [24]. In 2021, WHO approved the Sinopharm vaccine for emergency use based on interim phase III clinical trial data since it prevents symptomatic diseases in 79% of cases in adults younger than 60 years old [25]. Additionally, participants in the phase III clinical trial were randomized to receive 1 of 2 inactivated vaccines developed from SARS-CoV-2 WIV04 and HB02 strains or a placebo. During an average follow-up duration of 77 days for WIV04, the vaccine efficacy was 72.8%, and for HB02, it was 78.1%. They reported only two severe cases in the placebo group [26]. A case-control study of vaccinated elderly individuals showed that 14 days after the second dose, the Sinopharm vaccine reduced the risk of symptomatic COVID-19 infection, hospitalizations, and mortality by 94.3%, 60.5%, and 98.6%, respectively [27].

8. Covaxin

The last WHO-approved inactivated vaccine for emergency use was Covaxin. During the phase III trial in India, Covaxin showed 81% efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection [28]. However, another study was performed to determine the effectiveness of Covaxin against the Delta variant. The efficacy of the vaccine was 64% after two doses and 44% after one dose, respectively [29]. This can conclude that Covaxin is a moderately effective vaccine, but it might not fully protect individuals against the new mutant strains. Additionally, a study showed that after six months of the first and second doses of Covaxin, the seropositivity was reduced significantly in individuals aged 60 years and older compared to younger individuals. Furthermore, the vaccine-induced antibody titers, regardless of age, were decreased after 6 months of vaccination by 56% [30].

9. Covovax (Novovax)

Covovax is the only protein subunit vaccine approved for emergency use in COVID-19. In India, the Covovax vaccine was given to individuals who were 18 years old and above, but recently it has been approved to be given to children from 12 to 17 years old [31]. In the phase III trial in India, the vaccine showed 89.3% effectiveness against COVID-19 infection [32]. In addition, a study in the UK comparing the Covovax vaccine with a placebo revealed that the vaccine was 86.3% and 96.4% effective against Alpha and non-Alpha variants, respectively, with no reported hospitalizations or deaths after immunization [33]. Briefly, all WHO-approved COVID-19 vaccines reduced symptoms of infection and prevented complications associated with them.

References

  1. Polack, F.P.; Thomas, S.J.; Kitchin, N.; Absalon, J.; Gurtman, A.; Lockhart, S.; Perez, J.L.; Pérez Marc, G.; Moreira, E.D.; Zerbini, C.; et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 MRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 2603–2615.
  2. Thomas, S.J.; Moreira, E.D.; Kitchin, N.; Absalon, J.; Gurtman, A.; Lockhart, S.; Perez, J.L.; Marc, G.P.; Polack, F.P.; Zerbini, C.; et al. Six Month Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 MRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. medRxiv 2021.
  3. Lopez Bernal, J.; Andrews, N.; Gower, C.; Gallagher, E.; Simmons, R.; Thelwall, S.; Stowe, J.; Tessier, E.; Groves, N.; Dabrera, G.; et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021, 385, 585–594.
  4. Andrews, N.; Stowe, J.; Kirsebom, F.; Toffa, S.; Rickeard, T.; Gallagher, E.; Gower, C.; Kall, M.; Groves, N.; O’Connell, A.-M.; et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant. N. Engl. J. Med. 2022, 386, 1532–1546.
  5. Jackson, L.A.; Anderson, E.J.; Rouphael, N.G.; Roberts, P.C.; Makhene, M.; Coler, R.N.; McCullough, M.P.; Chappell, J.D.; Denison, M.R.; Stevens, L.J.; et al. An MRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2—Preliminary Report. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 1920–1931.
  6. Baden, L.R.; El Sahly, H.M.; Essink, B.; Kotloff, K.; Frey, S.; Novak, R.; Diemert, D.; Spector, S.A.; Rouphael, N.; Creech, C.B.; et al. Efficacy and Safety of the MRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021, 384, 403–416.
  7. Study Looks at Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness|Kaiser Permanente. Available online: https://about.kaiserpermanente.org/our-story/health-research/news/study-looks-at-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-effectiveness (accessed on 8 August 2022).
  8. How AstraZeneca Is Made and What It Contains|The Immunisation Advisory Centre. Available online: https://covid.immune.org.nz/covid-19-vaccines-nz/astrazeneca-vaccine/how-astrazeneca-made-and-what-it-contains (accessed on 24 August 2022).
  9. Griffin, S. COVID-19: AstraZeneca Vaccine Prevents 79% of Symptomatic Disease and 100% of Severe Disease, US Study Finds. BMJ 2021, 372, n793.
  10. COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca Real-World Evidence Summary. Available online: https://www.astrazeneca.com/content/dam/az/covid-19/media/factsheets/COVID-19_Vaccine_AstraZeneca_Real-World_Evidence_Summary.pdf (accessed on 12 January 2022).
  11. Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine Overview and Safety|CDC. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/janssen.html (accessed on 24 August 2022).
  12. The Janssen Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 Vaccine: What You Need to Know. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-j-j-covid-19-vaccine-what-you-need-to-know (accessed on 24 August 2022).
  13. Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine Demonstrates 85 Percent Effectiveness against Hospitalization in South Africa When Omicron Was Dominant|Johnson & Johnson. Available online: https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine-demonstrates-85-percent-effectiveness-against-hospitalization-in-south-africa-when-omicron-was-dominant (accessed on 24 August 2022).
  14. You Got the J&J Vaccine: Should You Get the Booster? <News> Yale Medicine. Available online: https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/johnson-and-johnson-covid-booster (accessed on 24 August 2022).
  15. Halperin, S.A.; Ye, L.; MacKinnon-Cameron, D.; Smith, B.; Cahn, P.E.; Ruiz-Palacios, G.M.; Ikram, A.; Lanas, F.; Lourdes Guerrero, M.; Muñoz Navarro, S.R.; et al. Final Efficacy Analysis, Interim Safety Analysis, and Immunogenicity of a Single Dose of Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Vaccine (Adenovirus Type 5 Vector) in Adults 18 Years and Older: An International, Multicentre, Randomised, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial. Lancet 2022, 399, 237–248.
  16. The CanSino Biologics Ad5-NCoV-S COVID-19 Vaccine: What You Need to Know. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the--cansino-biologics-ad5-ncov-s--recombinant---covid-19-vaccine--what-you-need-to-know (accessed on 24 August 2022).
  17. Convidecia Vaccine CanSino—Precision Vaccinations. Available online: https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/vaccines/convidecia-vaccine-cansino (accessed on 24 August 2022).
  18. Jin, P.; Li, J.; Guo, X.; Gou, J.; Hou, L.; Song, Z.; Zhu, T.; Pan, H.; Zhu, J.; Shi, F.; et al. Heterologous CoronaVac plus Ad5-NCOV versus Homologous CoronaVac Vaccination among Elderly: A Phase 4, Non-Inferiority, Randomized Study. medRxiv 2022.
  19. Jin, P.; Guo, X.-L.; Chen, W.; Ma, S.; Pan, H.-X.; Dai, L.; Du, P.; Wang, L.; Jin, L.; Chen, Y.; et al. Safety and Immunogenicity of Heterologous Boosting with a Protein-Subunit-Based COVID-19 Vaccine (ZF2001) in Healthy Adults Previously Received One Dose of Convidecia: A Randomised, Observer-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. SSRN Electron. J. 2022.
  20. Background Document on the Inactivated Vaccine Sinovac-CoronaVac against COVID-19; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2021.
  21. Wilder-Smith, A.; Mulholland, K. Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021, 385, 946.
  22. Medline ® Abstract for Reference 211 of “COVID-19: Vaccines”—UpToDate. Available online: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-vaccines/abstract/211 (accessed on 24 August 2022).
  23. (PDF) COVID-19 in Older Adults Antibody Responses of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (Vero Cell-Sinovac) Vaccine for Elderly Comparing with Younger. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351776336_COVID-19_in_older_adults_antibody_responses_of_inactivated_SARS-CoV-2_vero_cell-sinovac_vaccine_for_elderly_comparing_with_younger (accessed on 24 August 2022).
  24. Mallapaty, S. China’s COVID Vaccines Have Been Crucial—Now Immunity Is Waning. Nature 2021, 598, 398–399.
  25. The Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine: What You Need to Know. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-what-you-need-to-know (accessed on 22 August 2022).
  26. Al Kaabi, N.; Zhang, Y.; Xia, S.; Yang, Y.; Al Qahtani, M.M.; Abdulrazzaq, N.; Al Nusair, M.; Hassany, M.; Jawad, J.S.; Abdalla, J.; et al. Effect of 2 Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2021, 326, 35–45.
  27. Nadeem, I.; Ul Munamm, S.A.; Ur Rasool, M.; Fatimah, M.; Abu Bakar, M.; Rana, Z.K.; Khatana, U.F.; Jordon, L.; Saqlain, M.; Mahdi, N.; et al. Safety and Efficacy of Sinopharm Vaccine (BBIBP-CorV) in Elderly Population of Faisalabad District of Pakistan. Postgrad. Med. J. 2022.
  28. Behera, P.; Singh, A.K.; Subba, S.H.; Mc, A.; Sahu, D.P.; Chandanshive, P.D.; Pradhan, S.K.; Parida, S.P.; Mishra, A.; Patro, B.K.; et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccine (Covaxin) against Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infection in India. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2022, 18, 2034456.
  29. Bhatnagar, T.; Chaudhuri, S.; Ponnaiah, M.; Yadav, P.D.; Sabarinathan, R.; Sahay, R.R.; Ahmed, F.; Aswathy, S.; Bhardwaj, P.; Bilimale, A.; et al. Effectiveness of BBV152/Covaxin and AZD1222/Covishield Vaccines against Severe COVID-19 and B.1.617.2/Delta Variant in India, 2021: A Multi-Centric Hospital-Based Case-Control Study. Int J. Infect. Dis. 2022, 122, 693–702.
  30. Singh, A.K.; Phatak, S.R.; Singh, R.; Bhattacharjee, K.; Singh, N.K.; Gupta, A.; Sharma, A. Humoral Antibody Kinetics with ChAdOx1-NCOV (CovishieldTM) and BBV-152 (CovaxinTM) Vaccine among Indian Healthcare Workers: A 6-Month Longitudinal Cross-Sectional Coronavirus Vaccine-Induced Antibody Titre (COVAT) Study. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2022, 16, 102424.
  31. Covovax Vaccine Now Available For 12–17 Age Group at Private Centres. Available online: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/covovax-vaccine-now-available-for-12-17-age-group-at-private-centres-2940396 (accessed on 24 August 2022).
  32. Warude, B.J.; Dhariwal, R.M. The Systemic Study of Various Vaccines in Term of Current Status of Clinical Trial, Safety and Effectiveness of Covid Vaccine. J. Med. Pharm. Allied Sci. 2021, 10, 3973–3977.
  33. Heath, P.T.; Galiza, E.P.; Baxter, D.N.; Boffito, M.; Browne, D.; Burns, F.; Chadwick, D.R.; Clark, R.; Cosgrove, C.; Galloway, J.; et al. Safety and Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021, 385, 1172–1183.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Health Policy & Services
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Haneen Imad Abufares
,
Leen Oyoun Alsoud
,
Mohammad A. Y. Alqudah
,
Mohd Shara
,
Nelson C. Soares
,
Karem H. Alzoubi
,
Waseem El-Huneidi
,
Yasser Bustanji
,
Sameh S. M. Soliman
,
Mohammad H. Semreen
View Times: 913
Entry Collection: COVID-19
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 17 Jan 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback