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Topic Review
Microvesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are secreted by all cell types in a tumor and its microenvironment (TME) and play an essential role in intercellular communication and the establishment of a TME favorable for tumor invasion and metastasis. They encompass a variety of vesicle populations, among them the well-known endosomal-derived small exosomes (Exo), but also larger vesicles (diameter >100 nm) that are shed directly from the plasma membrane, the so-called microvesicles (MV). Increasing evidence suggests that MV, although biologically different, share the tumor-promoting features of Exo in the TME. Due to their larger size, they can be readily harvested from patients’ blood and characterized by routine methods such as conventional flow cytometry exploiting the plethora of molecules expressed on their surface. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the biology and the composition of MV as well as their role within the TME. We highlight not only the challenges and potential of MV as novel biomarkers for cancer, but also discuss their possible use for therapeutic intervention.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Math Education
Problem solving has been a prominent field of research in mathematics education for several decades; however, it is still a current trend, due to the relevance of this theme in the teaching and learning of mathematics, across all grade levels and around the world. The importance of problem solving has taken on new contours, either by being considered as a central element of mathematical literacy and competence, or by the recommendations of its cross-curricular integration. Further, problem solving is constantly being mentioned as a highly valued 21st century skill, along with others like creativity, critical thinking, communication or collaboration. Parallel to problem solving comes problem posing. It is a more recent field of research, still in deep development, that has strong connections with creativity and critical thinking. Despite advances in research on mathematical problem solving, new questions and contexts arise that justify further investigation, such as challenges for (future) teachers and students; problem posing; creativity; articulation with other abilities; connections with other disciplinary areas; formal vs. nonformal education; relation with technology; and articulation with the affective domain.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Dual-Energy Computed Tomography of Liver
Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is an imaging technique based on data acquisition at two different energy settings. Recent advances in CT have allowed data acquisitions and simultaneous analyses of X-rays at two energy levels, and have resulted in novel developments in the field of abdominal imaging. The use of low and high X-ray tube voltages in DECT provide fused images that improve the detection of liver tumors owing to the higher contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the tumor compared with the liver. The use of contrast agents in CT scanning improves image quality by enhancing the CNR and signal-to-noise ratio while reducing beam-hardening artifacts. DECT can improve detection and characterization of hepatic abnormalities, including mass lesions. The technique can also be used for the diagnosis of steatosis and iron overload.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
GRP94 in Cancer
Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident member of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family. In physiological conditions, it plays a vital role in regulating biological functions, including chaperoning cellular proteins in the ER lumen, maintaining calcium homeostasis, and modulating immune system function. Recently, several reports have shown the functional role and clinical relevance of GRP94 overexpression in the progression and metastasis of several cancers. Therefore, the current review highlights GRP94’s physiological and pathophysiological roles in normal and cancer cells. Additionally, the unmet medical needs of small chemical inhibitors and the current development status of monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting GRP94 will be discussed to emphasize the importance of cell surface GRP94 as an emerging therapeutic target in monoclonal antibody therapy for cancer.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
TSPAN8
Tetraspanin 8 (TSPAN8) is a member of the tetraspanin superfamily that forms TSPAN8-mediated protein complexes by interacting with themselves and other various cellular signaling molecules. These protein complexes help build tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs) that efficiently mediate intracellular signal transduction. In physiological conditions, TSPAN8 plays a vital role in the regulation of biological functions, including leukocyte trafficking, angiogenesis and wound repair. Recently, reports have increasingly shown the functional role and clinical relevance of TSPAN8 overexpression in the progression and metastasis of several cancers.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning for Process Monitoring
In the last few decades, hot-melt extrusion (HME) has emerged as a rapidly growing technology in the pharmaceutical industry, due to its various advantages over other fabrication routes for drug delivery systems. After the introduction of the ‘quality by design’ (QbD) approach by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), many research studies have focused on implementing process analytical technology (PAT), including near-infrared (NIR), Raman, and UV–Vis, coupled with various machine learning algorithms, to monitor and control the HME process in real time. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the application of machine learning algorithms for HME processes, with a focus on pharmaceutical HME applications. The main current challenges in the application of machine learning algorithms for pharmaceutical processes are discussed, with potential future directions for the industry.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Penicillin Allergy Influence for Early Dental Implant Failure
The prescription of preventive antibiotics (PA) in dental implant treatments reduces the incidence of early failures. The PA used in these patients was clindamycin, showing a significantly high associated risk of implant failure.  
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Platinum Based Cytostatic Drugs
Platinum based cytostatic drugs (Pt CDs) are among the most used drugs in cancer treatments which are administered via intravenous infusion and released partially intact or as transformation products. 
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials‘ effects on Plants under Salt Stress
Plant salinity resistance results from a combination of responses at the physiological, molecular, cellular, and metabolic levels. Nanoparticles are used as an emerging tool to stimulate specific biochemical reactions related to plant ecophysiological output because of their small size, increased surface area and absorption rate, efficient catalysis of reactions, and adequate reactive sites. Regulated ecophysiological control in saline environments could play a crucial role in plant growth promotion and survival of plants under suboptimal conditions. Plant biologists are seeking to develop a broad profile of genes and proteins that contribute to plant salt resistance. These plant metabolic profiles can be developed due to advancements in genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic techniques.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
[18F]FET PET in Glioma Recurrence
[18F]fluoroethyl-tyrosine (FET) is an artificial amino acid taken up into upregulated tumoral cells by the LAT system, independently of blood brain barrier leakage. FET is diffuse in Europe and has been shown to provide high sensitivity and specificity for glioma detection resulting in a reliable diagnostic tool for differentiating tumor recurrence/progression from treatment related changes.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Housing and the Mental Well-Being of Inuit Adults
Inuit regions in the Canadian Arctic, collectively known as Inuit Nunangat, are experiencing a persistent and growing housing crisis which has been characterized as “one of the most significant public health emergencies in Canada”. National and regional health surveys have reported significant associations between poor housing quality, household overcrowding and mental distress among Inuit.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Macrophages as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the greatest public health concerns and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. CVD is a broad yet complex term referring to numerous heart and vascular conditions, all with varying pathologies. Macrophages are one of the key factors in the development of these conditions. Macrophages play diverse roles in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis, and an imbalance of these mechanisms contributes to the development of CVD.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Amazon Relational Database Service
Amazon Relational Database Service (or Amazon RDS) is a distributed relational database service by Amazon Web Services (AWS). It is a web service running "in the cloud" designed to simplify the setup, operation, and scaling of a relational database for use in applications. Administration processes like patching the database software, backing up databases and enabling point-in-time recovery are managed automatically. Scaling storage and compute resources can be performed by a single API call to the AWS control plane on-demand. AWS does not offer an SSH connection to the underlying virtual machine as part of the managed service.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Management of Proximal Humerus Fractures in Adults
Proximal humerus fractures are the third most common fracture type in adults, with their incidence increasing over time. There are varied approaches to both the classification and treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Optimal treatments for this fracture type are still widely open to debate.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CRAFFT Screening Test
The CRAFFT Screening Test is a short clinical assessment tool designed to screen for substance-related risks and problems in adolescents. CRAFFT stands for the key words of the 6 items in the second section of the assessment - Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble. As of 2016, an updated version of the CRAFFT known as the “CRAFFT 2.0” has been released. The older version of the questionnaire contains 9 items in total, answered in a "yes" or "no" format. The first three items (Part A) evaluate alcohol and drug use over the past year and the other six (Part B) ask about situations in which the respondent used drugs or alcohol and any consequences of the usage. The CRAFFT 2.0 screening tool begins with past-12-month frequency items (Part A), rather than the previous “yes/no” question for any use over the past year and the other six (Part B) ask about situations in which the respondent used drugs or alcohol and any consequences of usage. The CRAFFT can function as a self-report questionnaire or an interview to be administered by a clinician. Both employ a skip pattern: those whose Part A score is "0" (no use) answer the Car question only of Part B, while those who report any use in Part A also answer Part B's five CRAFFT questions. Each "yes" answer is scored as "1" point and a CRAFFT total score of two or higher identifies "high risk" for a substance use disorder and warrants further assessment.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
microRNAs Related to Cleft Lip and Palate
Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common congenital birth defects and has a complex etiology. Either genetic or environmental factors, or both, are involved at various degrees, and the type and severity of clefts vary. One of the longstanding questions is how environmental factors lead to craniofacial developmental anomalies. 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Neurocognitive Psychiatric and Neuropsychological Alterations in Parkinson’s Disease
The main histopathological hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the loss of neuromelanin as a consequence of decreased dopamine synthesis. The destruction of the striatal dopaminergic pathway and blocking of striatal dopamine receptors cause motor deficits in humans and experimental animal models induced by some environmental agents. In addition, neuropsychiatric symptoms such as mood and anxiety disorders, hallucinations, psychosis, cognitive impairment, and dementia are common in PD. These alterations may precede the appearance of motor symptoms and are correlated with neurochemical and structural changes in the brain. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cathodes for Magnesium-Sulfur Batteries
Large-scale energy storage with high performance and at a reasonable cost are prerequisites for promoting clean energy utilization. With a high theoretical energy density of 1722 Wh·kg−2, high element abundance (e.g., Mg of 23,000 ppm, S of 950 ppm on earth), and low theoretical cost, Mg-S batteries offer considerable potential as candidates for electrical energy storage.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Rosmarinic Acid
Rosmarin is an original plant compound listed among the hydroxycinnamic acids. This substance has been widely used to fight microbial pathology and chronic infections from microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. Also, various derivatives of rosmarinic acid, such as the propyl ester of rosmarinic acid, rosmarinic acid methyl ester or the hexyl ester of rosmarinic acid, have been synthesized chemically, which have been isolated as natural antimicrobial agents. Rosmarinic acid and its derivatives were combined with antibiotics to obtain a synergistic effect. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Systematic Literature Review of Open Infrastructure BIM
Representation and modeling using the building information modeling (BIM) methodology of civil works have become the subject of increasing attention, thanks to the potential offered by Open Infrastructure BIM (I-BIM). However, the complexity of infrastructure works, i.e., the variety of construction and technological systems, makes Open I-BIM very complex and challenging. The lack of systemic knowledge on the subject is another challenging factor. 
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Jul 2023
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